File: //usr/local/share/info/libunistring.info
This is libunistring.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.4 from
libunistring.texi.
INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* GNU libunistring: (libunistring). Unicode string library.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
This manual is for GNU libunistring.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
GNU libunistring
****************
* Menu:
* Introduction:: Who may need Unicode strings?
* Conventions:: Conventions used in this manual
* unitypes.h:: Elementary types
* unistr.h:: Elementary Unicode string functions
* uniconv.h:: Conversions between Unicode and encodings
* unistdio.h:: Output with Unicode strings
* uniname.h:: Names of Unicode characters
* unictype.h:: Unicode character classification and properties
* uniwidth.h:: Display width
* unigbrk.h:: Grapheme cluster breaking
* uniwbrk.h:: Word breaks in strings
* unilbrk.h:: Line breaking
* uninorm.h:: Normalization forms
* unicase.h:: Case mappings
* uniregex.h:: Regular expressions
* Using the library:: How to link with the library and use it?
* More functionality:: More advanced functionality
* The wchar_t mess:: Why ‘wchar_t *’ strings are useless
* Licenses:: Licenses
* Index:: General Index
— The Detailed Node Listing —
Introduction
* Unicode:: What is Unicode?
* Unicode and i18n:: Unicode and internationalization
* Locale encodings:: What is a locale encoding?
* In-memory representation:: How to represent strings in memory?
* char * strings:: What to keep in mind with ‘char *’ strings
* Unicode strings:: How are Unicode strings represented?
unistr.h
* Elementary string checks::
* Elementary string conversions::
* Elementary string functions::
* Elementary string functions with memory allocation::
* Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings::
Elementary string functions
* Iterating::
* Creating Unicode strings::
* Copying Unicode strings::
* Comparing Unicode strings::
* Searching for a character::
* Counting characters::
Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
* Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string::
* Length::
* Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string::
* Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings::
* Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string::
* Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string::
* Searching for a substring::
* Tokenizing::
unictype.h
* General category::
* Canonical combining class::
* Bidi class::
* Decimal digit value::
* Digit value::
* Numeric value::
* Mirrored character::
* Arabic shaping::
* Properties::
* Scripts::
* Blocks::
* ISO C and Java syntax::
* Classifications like in ISO C::
General category
* Object oriented API::
* Bit mask API::
Properties
* Properties as objects::
* Properties as functions::
unigbrk.h
* Grapheme cluster breaks in a string::
* Grapheme cluster break property::
uniwbrk.h
* Word breaks in a string::
* Word break property::
uninorm.h
* Decomposition of characters::
* Composition of characters::
* Normalization of strings::
* Normalizing comparisons::
* Normalization of streams::
unicase,h
* Case mappings of characters::
* Case mappings of strings::
* Case mappings of substrings::
* Case insensitive comparison::
* Case detection::
Using the library
* Installation::
* Compiler options::
* Include files::
* Autoconf macro::
* Reporting problems::
Licenses
* GNU GPL:: GNU General Public License
* GNU LGPL:: GNU Lesser General Public License
* GNU FDL:: GNU Free Documentation License
File: libunistring.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Conventions, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Introduction
**************
This library provides functions for manipulating Unicode strings and
for manipulating C strings according to the Unicode standard.
It consists of the following parts:
‘<unistr.h>’
elementary string functions
‘<uniconv.h>’
conversion from/to legacy encodings
‘<unistdio.h>’
formatted output to strings
‘<uniname.h>’
character names
‘<unictype.h>’
character classification and properties
‘<uniwidth.h>’
string width when using nonproportional fonts
‘<unigbrk.h>’
grapheme cluster breaks
‘<uniwbrk.h>’
word breaks
‘<unilbrk.h>’
line breaking algorithm
‘<uninorm.h>’
normalization (composition and decomposition)
‘<unicase.h>’
case folding
‘<uniregex.h>’
regular expressions (not yet implemented)
libunistring is for you if your application involves non-trivial text
processing, such as upper/lower case conversions, line breaking,
operations on words, or more advanced analysis of text. Text provided
by the user can, in general, contain characters of all kinds of scripts.
The text processing functions provided by this library handle all
scripts and all languages.
libunistring is for you if your application already uses the ISO C /
POSIX ‘<ctype.h>’, ‘<wctype.h>’ functions and the text it operates on is
provided by the user and can be in any language.
libunistring is also for you if your application uses Unicode strings
as internal in-memory representation.
* Menu:
* Unicode:: What is Unicode?
* Unicode and i18n:: Unicode and internationalization
* Locale encodings:: What is a locale encoding?
* In-memory representation:: How to represent strings in memory?
* char * strings:: What to keep in mind with ‘char *’ strings
* Unicode strings:: How are Unicode strings represented?
File: libunistring.info, Node: Unicode, Next: Unicode and i18n, Up: Introduction
1.1 Unicode
===========
Unicode is a standardized repertoire of characters that contains
characters from all scripts of the world, from Latin letters to Chinese
ideographs and Babylonian cuneiform glyphs. It also specifies how these
characters are to be rendered on a screen or on paper, and how common
text processing (word selection, line breaking, uppercasing of page
titles etc.) is supposed to behave on Unicode text.
Unicode also specifies three ways of storing sequences of Unicode
characters in a computer whose basic unit of data is an 8-bit byte:
UTF-8
Every character is represented as 1 to 4 bytes.
UTF-16
Every character is represented as 1 to 2 units of 16 bits.
UTF-32, a.k.a. UCS-4
Every character is represented as 1 unit of 32 bits.
For encoding Unicode text in a file, UTF-8 is usually used. For
encoding Unicode strings in memory for a program, either of the three
encoding forms can be reasonably used.
Unicode is widely used on the web. Prior to the use of Unicode, web
pages were in many different encodings (ISO-8859-1 for English, French,
Spanish, ISO-8859-2 for Polish, ISO-8859-7 for Greek, KOI8-R for
Russian, GB2312 or BIG5 for Chinese, ISO-2022-JP-2 or EUC-JP or
Shift_JIS for Japanese, and many many others). It was next to
impossible to create a document that contained Chinese and Polish text
in the same document. Due to the many encodings for Japanese, even the
processing of pure Japanese text was error prone.
References:
• The Unicode standard: <http://www.unicode.org/>
• Definition of UTF-8: <http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3629.txt>
• Definition of UTF-16: <http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2781.txt>
• Markus Kuhn’s UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ:
<http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>
File: libunistring.info, Node: Unicode and i18n, Next: Locale encodings, Prev: Unicode, Up: Introduction
1.2 Unicode and Internationalization
====================================
Internationalization is the process of changing the source code of a
program so that it can meet the expectations of users in any culture, if
culture specific data (translations, images etc.) are provided.
Use of Unicode is not strictly required for internationalization, but
it makes internationalization much easier, because operations that need
to look at specific characters (like hyphenation, spell checking, or the
automatic conversion of double-quotes to opening and closing
double-quote characters) don’t need to consider multiple possible
encodings of the text.
Use of Unicode also enables multilingualization: the ability of
having text in multiple languages present in the same document or even
in the same line of text.
But use of Unicode is not everything. Internationalization usually
consists of four features:
• Use of Unicode where needed for text processing. This is what this
library is for.
• Use of message catalogs for messages shown to the user, This is
what GNU gettext is about.
• Use of locale specific conventions for date and time formats, for
numeric formatting, or for sorting of text. This can be done
adequately with the POSIX APIs and the implementation of locales in
the GNU C library.
• In graphical user interfaces, adapting the GUI to the default text
direction of the current locale (see right-to-left languages
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-left)).
File: libunistring.info, Node: Locale encodings, Next: In-memory representation, Prev: Unicode and i18n, Up: Introduction
1.3 Locale encodings
====================
A locale is a set of cultural conventions. According to POSIX, for a
program, at any moment, there is one locale being designated as the
“current locale”. (Actually, POSIX supports also one locale per thread,
but this feature is not yet universally implemented and not widely
used.) The locale is partitioned into several aspects, called the
“categories” of the locale. The main various aspects are:
• The character encoding and the character properties. This is the
‘LC_CTYPE’ category.
• The sorting rules for text. This is the ‘LC_COLLATE’ category.
• The language specific translations of messages. This is the
‘LC_MESSAGES’ category.
• The formatting rules for numbers, such as the decimal separator.
This is the ‘LC_NUMERIC’ category.
• The formatting rules for amounts of money. This is the
‘LC_MONETARY’ category.
• The formatting of date and time. This is the ‘LC_TIME’ category.
In particular, the ‘LC_CTYPE’ category of the current locale
determines the character encoding. This is the encoding of ‘char *’
strings. We also call it the “locale encoding”. GNU libunistring has a
function, ‘locale_charset’, that returns a standardized (platform
independent) name for this encoding.
All locale encodings used on glibc systems are essentially ASCII
compatible: Most graphic ASCII characters have the same representation,
as a single byte, in that encoding as in ASCII.
Among the possible locale encodings are UTF-8 and GB18030. Both
allow to represent any Unicode character as a sequence of bytes. UTF-8
is used in most of the world, whereas GB18030 is used in the People’s
Republic of China, because it is backward compatible with the GB2312
encoding that was used in this country earlier.
The legacy locale encodings, ISO-8859-15 (which supplanted ISO-8859-1
in most of Europe), ISO-8859-2, KOI8-R, EUC-JP, etc., are still in use
in some places, though.
UTF-16 and UTF-32 are not used as locale encodings, because they are
not ASCII compatible.
File: libunistring.info, Node: In-memory representation, Next: char * strings, Prev: Locale encodings, Up: Introduction
1.4 Choice of in-memory representation of strings
=================================================
There are three ways of representing strings in memory of a running
program.
• As ‘char *’ strings. Such strings are represented in locale
encoding. This approach is employed when not much text processing
is done by the program. When some Unicode aware processing is to
be done, a string is converted to Unicode on the fly and back to
locale encoding afterwards.
• As UTF-8 or UTF-16 or UTF-32 strings. This implies that conversion
from locale encoding to Unicode is performed on input, and in the
opposite direction on output. This approach is employed when the
program does a significant amount of text processing, or when the
program has multiple threads operating on the same data but in
different locales.
• As ‘wchar_t *’, a.k.a. “wide strings”. This approach is
misguided, see *note The wchar_t mess::.
Of course, a ‘char *’ string can, in some cases, be encoded in UTF-8.
You will use the data type depending on what you can guarantee about how
it’s encoded: If a string is encoded in the locale encoding, or if you
don’t know how it’s encoded, use ‘char *’. If, on the other hand, you
can _guarantee_ that it is UTF-8 encoded, then you can use the UTF-8
string type, ‘uint8_t *’, for it.
The five types ‘char *’, ‘uint8_t *’, ‘uint16_t *’, ‘uint32_t *’, and
‘wchar_t *’ are incompatible types at the C level. Therefore, ‘gcc
-Wall’ will produce a warning if, by mistake, your code contains a
mismatch between these types. In the context of using GNU libunistring,
even a warning about a mismatch between ‘char *’ and ‘uint8_t *’ is a
sign of a bug in your code that you should not try to silence through a
cast.
File: libunistring.info, Node: char * strings, Next: Unicode strings, Prev: In-memory representation, Up: Introduction
1.5 ‘char *’ strings
====================
The classical C strings, with its C library support standardized by
ISO C and POSIX, can be used in internationalized programs with some
precautions. The problem with this API is that many of the C library
functions for strings don’t work correctly on strings in locale
encodings, leading to bugs that only people in some cultures of the
world will experience.
The first problem with the C library API is the support of multibyte
locales. According to the locale encoding, in general, every character
is represented by one or more bytes (up to 4 bytes in practice — but use
‘MB_LEN_MAX’ instead of the number 4 in the code). When every character
is represented by only 1 byte, we speak of an “unibyte locale”,
otherwise of a “multibyte locale”. It is important to realize that the
majority of Unix installations nowadays use UTF-8 or GB18030 as locale
encoding; therefore, the majority of users are using multibyte locales.
The important fact to remember is:
_A ‘char’ is a byte, not a character._
As a consequence:
• The ‘<ctype.h>’ API is useless in this context; it does not work in
multibyte locales.
• The ‘strlen’ function does not return the number of characters in a
string. Nor does it return the number of screen columns occupied
by a string after it is output. It merely returns the number of
_bytes_ occupied by a string.
• Truncating a string, for example, with ‘strncpy’, can have the
effect of truncating it in the middle of a multibyte character.
Such a string will, when output, have a garbled character at its
end, often represented by a hollow box.
• ‘strchr’ and ‘strrchr’ do not work with multibyte strings if the
locale encoding is GB18030 and the character to be searched is a
digit.
• ‘strstr’ does not work with multibyte strings if the locale
encoding is different from UTF-8.
• ‘strcspn’, ‘strpbrk’, ‘strspn’ cannot work correctly in multibyte
locales: they assume the second argument is a list of single-byte
characters. Even in this simple case, they do not work with
multibyte strings if the locale encoding is GB18030 and one of the
characters to be searched is a digit.
• ‘strsep’ and ‘strtok_r’ do not work with multibyte strings unless
all of the delimiter characters are ASCII characters < 0x30.
• The ‘strcasecmp’, ‘strncasecmp’, and ‘strcasestr’ functions do not
work with multibyte strings.
The workarounds can be found in GNU gnulib
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/>.
• gnulib has modules ‘mbchar’, ‘mbiter’, ‘mbuiter’ that represent
multibyte characters and allow to iterate across a multibyte string
with the same ease as through a unibyte string.
• gnulib has functions ‘mbslen’ and ‘mbswidth’ that can be used
instead of ‘strlen’ when the number of characters or the number of
screen columns of a string is requested.
• gnulib has functions ‘mbschr’ and ‘mbsrrchr’ that are like ‘strchr’
and ‘strrchr’, but work in multibyte locales.
• gnulib has a function ‘mbsstr’, like ‘strstr’, but works in
multibyte locales.
• gnulib has functions ‘mbscspn’, ‘mbspbrk’, ‘mbsspn’ that are like
‘strcspn’, ‘strpbrk’, ‘strspn’, but work in multibyte locales.
• gnulib has functions ‘mbssep’ and ‘mbstok_r’ that are like ‘strsep’
and ‘strtok_r’ but work in multibyte locales.
• gnulib has functions ‘mbscasecmp’, ‘mbsncasecmp’, ‘mbspcasecmp’,
and ‘mbscasestr’ that are like ‘strcasecmp’, ‘strncasecmp’, and
‘strcasestr’, but work in multibyte locales. Still, the function
‘ulc_casecmp’ is preferable to these functions; see below.
The second problem with the C library API is that it has some
assumptions built-in that are not valid in some languages:
• It assumes that there are only two forms of every character:
uppercase and lowercase. This is not true for Croatian, where the
character LETTER DZ WITH CARON comes in three forms: LATIN CAPITAL
LETTER DZ WITH CARON (DZ), LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH SMALL LETTER
Z WITH CARON (Dz), LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ WITH CARON (dz).
• It assumes that uppercasing of 1 character leads to 1 character.
This is not true for German, where the LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S,
when uppercased, becomes ‘SS’.
• It assumes that there is 1:1 mapping between uppercase and
lowercase forms. This is not true for the Greek sigma: GREEK
CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA is the uppercase of both GREEK SMALL LETTER
SIGMA and GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA.
• It assumes that the upper/lowercase mappings are position
independent. This is not true for the Greek sigma and the
Lithuanian i.
The correct way to deal with this problem is
1. to provide functions for titlecasing, as well as for upper- and
lowercasing,
2. to view case transformations as functions that operates on strings,
rather than on characters.
This is implemented in this library, through the functions declared
in ‘<unicase.h>’, see *note unicase.h::.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Unicode strings, Prev: char * strings, Up: Introduction
1.6 Unicode strings
===================
libunistring supports Unicode strings in three representations:
• UTF-8 strings, through the type ‘uint8_t *’. The units are bytes
(‘uint8_t’).
• UTF-16 strings, through the type ‘uint16_t *’, The units are 16-bit
memory words (‘uint16_t’).
• UTF-32 strings, through the type ‘uint32_t *’. The units are
32-bit memory words (‘uint32_t’).
As with C strings, there are two variants:
• Unicode strings with a terminating NUL character are represented as
a pointer to the first unit of the string. There is a unit
containing a 0 value at the end. It is considered part of the
string for all memory allocation purposes, but is not considered
part of the string for all other logical purposes.
• Unicode strings where embedded NUL characters are allowed. These
are represented by a pointer to the first unit and the number of
units (not bytes!) of the string. In this setting, there is no
trailing zero-valued unit used as “end marker”.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Conventions, Next: unitypes.h, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
2 Conventions
*************
This chapter explains conventions valid throughout the libunistring
library.
Variables of type ‘char *’ denote C strings in locale encoding. See
*note Locale encodings::.
Variables of type ‘uint8_t *’ denote UTF-8 strings. Their units are
bytes.
Variables of type ‘uint16_t *’ denote UTF-16 strings, without byte
order mark. Their units are 2-byte words.
Variables of type ‘uint32_t *’ denote UTF-32 strings, without byte
order mark. Their units are 4-byte words.
Argument pairs ‘(S, N)’ denote a string ‘S[0..N-1]’ with exactly N
units.
All functions with prefix ‘ulc_’ operate on C strings in locale
encoding.
All functions with prefix ‘u8_’ operate on UTF-8 strings.
All functions with prefix ‘u16_’ operate on UTF-16 strings.
All functions with prefix ‘u32_’ operate on UTF-32 strings.
For every function with prefix ‘u8_’, operating on UTF-8 strings,
there is also a corresponding function with prefix ‘u16_’, operating on
UTF-16 strings, and a corresponding function with prefix ‘u32_’,
operating on UTF-32 strings. Their description is analogous; in this
documentation we describe only the function that operates on UTF-8
strings, for brevity.
A declaration with a variable N denotes the three concrete
declarations with N = 8, N = 16, N = 32.
All parameters starting with ‘str’ and the parameters of functions
starting with ‘u8_str’/‘u16_str’/‘u32_str’ denote a NUL terminated
string.
Error values are always returned through the ‘errno’ variable,
usually with a return value that indicates the presence of an error
(NULL for functions that return an pointer, or -1 for functions that
return an ‘int’).
Functions returning a string result take a ‘(RESULTBUF, LENGTHP)’
argument pair. If RESULTBUF is not NULL and the result fits into
‘*LENGTHP’ units, it is put in RESULTBUF, and RESULTBUF is returned.
Otherwise, a freshly allocated string is returned. In both cases,
‘*LENGTHP’ is set to the length (number of units) of the returned
string. In case of error, NULL is returned and ‘errno’ is set.
File: libunistring.info, Node: unitypes.h, Next: unistr.h, Prev: Conventions, Up: Top
3 Elementary types ‘<unitypes.h>’
*********************************
The include file ‘<unitypes.h>’ provides the following basic types.
-- Type: uint8_t
-- Type: uint16_t
-- Type: uint32_t
These are the storage units of UTF-8/16/32 strings, respectively.
The definitions are taken from ‘<stdint.h>’, on platforms where
this include file is present.
-- Type: ucs4_t
This type represents a single Unicode character, outside of an
UTF-32 string.
The types ‘ucs4_t’ and ‘uint32_t’ happen to be identical. They
differ in use and intent, however:
• Use ‘uint32_t *’ to designate an UTF-32 string. Use ‘ucs4_t’ to
designate a single Unicode character, outside of an UTF-32 string.
• Conversions functions that take an UTF-32 string as input will
usually perform a range-check on the ‘uint32_t’ values. Whereas
functions that are declared to take ‘ucs4_t’ arguments will not
perform such a range-check.
File: libunistring.info, Node: unistr.h, Next: uniconv.h, Prev: unitypes.h, Up: Top
4 Elementary Unicode string functions ‘<unistr.h>’
**************************************************
This include file declares elementary functions for Unicode strings.
It is essentially the equivalent of what ‘<string.h>’ is for C strings.
* Menu:
* Elementary string checks::
* Elementary string conversions::
* Elementary string functions::
* Elementary string functions with memory allocation::
* Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Elementary string checks, Next: Elementary string conversions, Up: unistr.h
4.1 Elementary string checks
============================
The following function is available to verify the integrity of a
Unicode string.
-- Function: const uint8_t * u8_check (const uint8_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: const uint16_t * u16_check (const uint16_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: const uint32_t * u32_check (const uint32_t *S, size_t N)
This function checks whether a Unicode string is well-formed. It
returns NULL if valid, or a pointer to the first invalid unit
otherwise.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Elementary string conversions, Next: Elementary string functions, Prev: Elementary string checks, Up: unistr.h
4.2 Elementary string conversions
=================================
The following functions perform conversions between the different
forms of Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint16_t * u8_to_u16 (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, uint16_t
*RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts an UTF-8 string to an UTF-16 string.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint32_t * u8_to_u32 (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, uint32_t
*RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts an UTF-8 string to an UTF-32 string.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint8_t * u16_to_u8 (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, uint8_t
*RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts an UTF-16 string to an UTF-8 string.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint32_t * u16_to_u32 (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
uint32_t *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts an UTF-16 string to an UTF-32 string.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint8_t * u32_to_u8 (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, uint8_t
*RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts an UTF-32 string to an UTF-8 string.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint16_t * u32_to_u16 (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
uint16_t *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts an UTF-32 string to an UTF-16 string.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Elementary string functions, Next: Elementary string functions with memory allocation, Prev: Elementary string conversions, Up: unistr.h
4.3 Elementary string functions
===============================
* Menu:
* Iterating::
* Creating Unicode strings::
* Copying Unicode strings::
* Comparing Unicode strings::
* Searching for a character::
* Counting characters::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Iterating, Next: Creating Unicode strings, Up: Elementary string functions
4.3.1 Iterating over a Unicode string
-------------------------------------
The following functions inspect and return details about the first
character in a Unicode string.
-- Function: int u8_mblen (const uint8_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: int u16_mblen (const uint16_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: int u32_mblen (const uint32_t *S, size_t N)
Returns the length (number of units) of the first character in S,
which is no longer than N. Returns 0 if it is the NUL character.
Returns -1 upon failure.
This function is similar to ‘mblen’, except that it operates on a
Unicode string and that S must not be NULL.
-- Function: int u8_mbtouc (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint8_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: int u16_mbtouc (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint16_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: int u32_mbtouc (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint32_t *S, size_t N)
Returns the length (number of units) of the first character in S,
putting its ‘ucs4_t’ representation in ‘*PUC’. Upon failure,
‘*PUC’ is set to ‘0xfffd’, and an appropriate number of units is
returned.
The number of available units, N, must be > 0.
This function fails if an invalid sequence of units is encountered
at the beginning of S, or if additional units (after the N provided
units) would be needed to form a character.
This function is similar to ‘mbtowc’, except that it operates on a
Unicode string, PUC and S must not be NULL, N must be > 0, and the
NUL character is not treated specially.
-- Function: int u8_mbtouc_unsafe (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint8_t *S,
size_t N)
-- Function: int u16_mbtouc_unsafe (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint16_t *S,
size_t N)
-- Function: int u32_mbtouc_unsafe (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint32_t *S,
size_t N)
This function is identical to
‘u8_mbtouc’/‘u16_mbtouc’/‘u32_mbtouc’. Earlier versions of this
function performed fewer range-checks on the sequence of units.
-- Function: int u8_mbtoucr (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint8_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: int u16_mbtoucr (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint16_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: int u32_mbtoucr (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint32_t *S, size_t N)
Returns the length (number of units) of the first character in S,
putting its ‘ucs4_t’ representation in ‘*PUC’. Upon failure,
‘*PUC’ is set to ‘0xfffd’, and -1 is returned for an invalid
sequence of units, -2 is returned for an incomplete sequence of
units.
The number of available units, N, must be > 0.
This function is similar to ‘u8_mbtouc’, except that the return
value gives more details about the failure, similar to ‘mbrtowc’.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Creating Unicode strings, Next: Copying Unicode strings, Prev: Iterating, Up: Elementary string functions
4.3.2 Creating Unicode strings one character at a time
------------------------------------------------------
The following function stores a Unicode character as a Unicode string
in memory.
-- Function: int u8_uctomb (uint8_t *S, ucs4_t UC, int N)
-- Function: int u16_uctomb (uint16_t *S, ucs4_t UC, int N)
-- Function: int u32_uctomb (uint32_t *S, ucs4_t UC, int N)
Puts the multibyte character represented by UC in S, returning its
length. Returns -1 upon failure, -2 if the number of available
units, N, is too small. The latter case cannot occur if N >=
6/2/1, respectively.
This function is similar to ‘wctomb’, except that it operates on a
Unicode strings, S must not be NULL, and the argument N must be
specified.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Copying Unicode strings, Next: Comparing Unicode strings, Prev: Creating Unicode strings, Up: Elementary string functions
4.3.3 Copying Unicode strings
-----------------------------
The following functions copy Unicode strings in memory.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_cpy (uint8_t *DEST, const uint8_t *SRC,
size_t N)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_cpy (uint16_t *DEST, const uint16_t *SRC,
size_t N)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_cpy (uint32_t *DEST, const uint32_t *SRC,
size_t N)
Copies N units from SRC to DEST.
This function is similar to ‘memcpy’, except that it operates on
Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_move (uint8_t *DEST, const uint8_t *SRC,
size_t N)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_move (uint16_t *DEST, const uint16_t *SRC,
size_t N)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_move (uint32_t *DEST, const uint32_t *SRC,
size_t N)
Copies N units from SRC to DEST, guaranteeing correct behavior for
overlapping memory areas.
This function is similar to ‘memmove’, except that it operates on
Unicode strings.
The following function fills a Unicode string.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_set (uint8_t *S, ucs4_t UC, size_t N)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_set (uint16_t *S, ucs4_t UC, size_t N)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_set (uint32_t *S, ucs4_t UC, size_t N)
Sets the first N characters of S to UC. UC should be a character
that occupies only 1 unit.
This function is similar to ‘memset’, except that it operates on
Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Comparing Unicode strings, Next: Searching for a character, Prev: Copying Unicode strings, Up: Elementary string functions
4.3.4 Comparing Unicode strings
-------------------------------
The following function compares two Unicode strings of the same
length.
-- Function: int u8_cmp (const uint8_t *S1, const uint8_t *S2, size_t
N)
-- Function: int u16_cmp (const uint16_t *S1, const uint16_t *S2,
size_t N)
-- Function: int u32_cmp (const uint32_t *S1, const uint32_t *S2,
size_t N)
Compares S1 and S2, each of length N, lexicographically. Returns a
negative value if S1 compares smaller than S2, a positive value if
S1 compares larger than S2, or 0 if they compare equal.
This function is similar to ‘memcmp’, except that it operates on
Unicode strings.
The following function compares two Unicode strings of possibly
different lengths.
-- Function: int u8_cmp2 (const uint8_t *S1, size_t N1, const uint8_t
*S2, size_t N2)
-- Function: int u16_cmp2 (const uint16_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint16_t *S2, size_t N2)
-- Function: int u32_cmp2 (const uint32_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint32_t *S2, size_t N2)
Compares S1 and S2, lexicographically. Returns a negative value if
S1 compares smaller than S2, a positive value if S1 compares larger
than S2, or 0 if they compare equal.
This function is similar to the gnulib function ‘memcmp2’, except
that it operates on Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Searching for a character, Next: Counting characters, Prev: Comparing Unicode strings, Up: Elementary string functions
4.3.5 Searching for a character in a Unicode string
---------------------------------------------------
The following function searches for a given Unicode character.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_chr (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_chr (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, ucs4_t
UC)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_chr (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, ucs4_t
UC)
Searches the string at S for UC. Returns a pointer to the first
occurrence of UC in S, or NULL if UC does not occur in S.
This function is similar to ‘memchr’, except that it operates on
Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Counting characters, Prev: Searching for a character, Up: Elementary string functions
4.3.6 Counting the characters in a Unicode string
-------------------------------------------------
The following function counts the number of Unicode characters.
-- Function: size_t u8_mbsnlen (const uint8_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: size_t u16_mbsnlen (const uint16_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: size_t u32_mbsnlen (const uint32_t *S, size_t N)
Counts and returns the number of Unicode characters in the N units
from S.
This function is similar to the gnulib function ‘mbsnlen’, except
that it operates on Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Elementary string functions with memory allocation, Next: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings, Prev: Elementary string functions, Up: unistr.h
4.4 Elementary string functions with memory allocation
======================================================
The following function copies a Unicode string.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_cpy_alloc (const uint8_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_cpy_alloc (const uint16_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_cpy_alloc (const uint32_t *S, size_t N)
Makes a freshly allocated copy of S, of length N.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings, Prev: Elementary string functions with memory allocation, Up: unistr.h
4.5 Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
=========================================================
* Menu:
* Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string::
* Length::
* Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string::
* Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings::
* Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string::
* Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string::
* Searching for a substring::
* Tokenizing::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string, Next: Length, Up: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
4.5.1 Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string
----------------------------------------------------
The following functions inspect and return details about the first
character in a Unicode string.
-- Function: int u8_strmblen (const uint8_t *S)
-- Function: int u16_strmblen (const uint16_t *S)
-- Function: int u32_strmblen (const uint32_t *S)
Returns the length (number of units) of the first character in S.
Returns 0 if it is the NUL character. Returns -1 upon failure.
-- Function: int u8_strmbtouc (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint8_t *S)
-- Function: int u16_strmbtouc (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint16_t *S)
-- Function: int u32_strmbtouc (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint32_t *S)
Returns the length (number of units) of the first character in S,
putting its ‘ucs4_t’ representation in ‘*PUC’. Returns 0 if it is
the NUL character. Returns -1 upon failure.
-- Function: const uint8_t * u8_next (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint8_t *S)
-- Function: const uint16_t * u16_next (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint16_t *S)
-- Function: const uint32_t * u32_next (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint32_t *S)
Forward iteration step. Advances the pointer past the next
character, or returns NULL if the end of the string has been
reached. Puts the character’s ‘ucs4_t’ representation in ‘*PUC’.
The following function inspects and returns details about the
previous character in a Unicode string.
-- Function: const uint8_t * u8_prev (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint8_t *S,
const uint8_t *START)
-- Function: const uint16_t * u16_prev (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint16_t *S,
const uint16_t *START)
-- Function: const uint32_t * u32_prev (ucs4_t *PUC, const uint32_t *S,
const uint32_t *START)
Backward iteration step. Advances the pointer to point to the
previous character (the one that ends at ‘S’), or returns NULL if
the beginning of the string (specified by ‘START’) had been
reached. Puts the character’s ‘ucs4_t’ representation in ‘*PUC’.
Note that this function works only on well-formed Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Length, Next: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string, Prev: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string, Up: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
4.5.2 Length of a NUL terminated Unicode string
-----------------------------------------------
The following functions determine the length of a Unicode string.
-- Function: size_t u8_strlen (const uint8_t *S)
-- Function: size_t u16_strlen (const uint16_t *S)
-- Function: size_t u32_strlen (const uint32_t *S)
Returns the number of units in S.
This function is similar to ‘strlen’ and ‘wcslen’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: size_t u8_strnlen (const uint8_t *S, size_t MAXLEN)
-- Function: size_t u16_strnlen (const uint16_t *S, size_t MAXLEN)
-- Function: size_t u32_strnlen (const uint32_t *S, size_t MAXLEN)
Returns the number of units in S, but at most MAXLEN.
This function is similar to ‘strnlen’ and ‘wcsnlen’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string, Next: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings, Prev: Length, Up: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
4.5.3 Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string
---------------------------------------------
The following functions copy portions of Unicode strings in memory.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strcpy (uint8_t *DEST, const uint8_t *SRC)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strcpy (uint16_t *DEST, const uint16_t
*SRC)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strcpy (uint32_t *DEST, const uint32_t
*SRC)
Copies SRC to DEST.
This function is similar to ‘strcpy’ and ‘wcscpy’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_stpcpy (uint8_t *DEST, const uint8_t *SRC)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_stpcpy (uint16_t *DEST, const uint16_t
*SRC)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_stpcpy (uint32_t *DEST, const uint32_t
*SRC)
Copies SRC to DEST, returning the address of the terminating NUL in
DEST.
This function is similar to ‘stpcpy’, except that it operates on
Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strncpy (uint8_t *DEST, const uint8_t *SRC,
size_t N)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strncpy (uint16_t *DEST, const uint16_t
*SRC, size_t N)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strncpy (uint32_t *DEST, const uint32_t
*SRC, size_t N)
Copies no more than N units of SRC to DEST.
This function is similar to ‘strncpy’ and ‘wcsncpy’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_stpncpy (uint8_t *DEST, const uint8_t *SRC,
size_t N)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_stpncpy (uint16_t *DEST, const uint16_t
*SRC, size_t N)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_stpncpy (uint32_t *DEST, const uint32_t
*SRC, size_t N)
Copies no more than N units of SRC to DEST. Returns a pointer past
the last non-NUL unit written into DEST. In other words, if the
units written into DEST include a NUL, the return value is the
address of the first such NUL unit, otherwise it is ‘DEST + N’.
This function is similar to ‘stpncpy’, except that it operates on
Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strcat (uint8_t *DEST, const uint8_t *SRC)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strcat (uint16_t *DEST, const uint16_t
*SRC)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strcat (uint32_t *DEST, const uint32_t
*SRC)
Appends SRC onto DEST.
This function is similar to ‘strcat’ and ‘wcscat’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strncat (uint8_t *DEST, const uint8_t *SRC,
size_t N)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strncat (uint16_t *DEST, const uint16_t
*SRC, size_t N)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strncat (uint32_t *DEST, const uint32_t
*SRC, size_t N)
Appends no more than N units of SRC onto DEST.
This function is similar to ‘strncat’ and ‘wcsncat’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings, Next: Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string, Prev: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string, Up: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
4.5.4 Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings
----------------------------------------------
The following functions compare two Unicode strings.
-- Function: int u8_strcmp (const uint8_t *S1, const uint8_t *S2)
-- Function: int u16_strcmp (const uint16_t *S1, const uint16_t *S2)
-- Function: int u32_strcmp (const uint32_t *S1, const uint32_t *S2)
Compares S1 and S2, lexicographically. Returns a negative value if
S1 compares smaller than S2, a positive value if S1 compares larger
than S2, or 0 if they compare equal.
This function is similar to ‘strcmp’ and ‘wcscmp’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: int u8_strcoll (const uint8_t *S1, const uint8_t *S2)
-- Function: int u16_strcoll (const uint16_t *S1, const uint16_t *S2)
-- Function: int u32_strcoll (const uint32_t *S1, const uint32_t *S2)
Compares S1 and S2 using the collation rules of the current locale.
Returns -1 if S1 < S2, 0 if S1 = S2, 1 if S1 > S2. Upon failure,
sets ‘errno’ and returns any value.
This function is similar to ‘strcoll’ and ‘wcscoll’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
Note that this function may consider different canonical
normalizations of the same string as having a large distance. It
is therefore better to use the function ‘u8_normcoll’ instead of
this one; see *note uninorm.h::.
-- Function: int u8_strncmp (const uint8_t *S1, const uint8_t *S2,
size_t N)
-- Function: int u16_strncmp (const uint16_t *S1, const uint16_t *S2,
size_t N)
-- Function: int u32_strncmp (const uint32_t *S1, const uint32_t *S2,
size_t N)
Compares no more than N units of S1 and S2.
This function is similar to ‘strncmp’ and ‘wcsncmp’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string, Next: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string, Prev: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings, Up: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
4.5.5 Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string
-------------------------------------------------
The following function allocates a duplicate of a Unicode string.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strdup (const uint8_t *S)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strdup (const uint16_t *S)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strdup (const uint32_t *S)
Duplicates S, returning an identical malloc’d string.
This function is similar to ‘strdup’ and ‘wcsdup’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string, Next: Searching for a substring, Prev: Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string, Up: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
4.5.6 Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string
------------------------------------------------------------------
The following functions search for a given Unicode character.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strchr (const uint8_t *STR, ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strchr (const uint16_t *STR, ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strchr (const uint32_t *STR, ucs4_t UC)
Finds the first occurrence of UC in STR.
This function is similar to ‘strchr’ and ‘wcschr’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strrchr (const uint8_t *STR, ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strrchr (const uint16_t *STR, ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strrchr (const uint32_t *STR, ucs4_t UC)
Finds the last occurrence of UC in STR.
This function is similar to ‘strrchr’ and ‘wcsrchr’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
The following functions search for the first occurrence of some
Unicode character in or outside a given set of Unicode characters.
-- Function: size_t u8_strcspn (const uint8_t *STR, const uint8_t
*REJECT)
-- Function: size_t u16_strcspn (const uint16_t *STR, const uint16_t
*REJECT)
-- Function: size_t u32_strcspn (const uint32_t *STR, const uint32_t
*REJECT)
Returns the length of the initial segment of STR which consists
entirely of Unicode characters not in REJECT.
This function is similar to ‘strcspn’ and ‘wcscspn’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: size_t u8_strspn (const uint8_t *STR, const uint8_t
*ACCEPT)
-- Function: size_t u16_strspn (const uint16_t *STR, const uint16_t
*ACCEPT)
-- Function: size_t u32_strspn (const uint32_t *STR, const uint32_t
*ACCEPT)
Returns the length of the initial segment of STR which consists
entirely of Unicode characters in ACCEPT.
This function is similar to ‘strspn’ and ‘wcsspn’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strpbrk (const uint8_t *STR, const uint8_t
*ACCEPT)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strpbrk (const uint16_t *STR, const
uint16_t *ACCEPT)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strpbrk (const uint32_t *STR, const
uint32_t *ACCEPT)
Finds the first occurrence in STR of any character in ACCEPT.
This function is similar to ‘strpbrk’ and ‘wcspbrk’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Searching for a substring, Next: Tokenizing, Prev: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string, Up: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
4.5.7 Searching for a substring in a NUL terminated Unicode string
------------------------------------------------------------------
The following functions search whether a given Unicode string is a
substring of another Unicode string.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strstr (const uint8_t *HAYSTACK, const
uint8_t *NEEDLE)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strstr (const uint16_t *HAYSTACK, const
uint16_t *NEEDLE)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strstr (const uint32_t *HAYSTACK, const
uint32_t *NEEDLE)
Finds the first occurrence of NEEDLE in HAYSTACK.
This function is similar to ‘strstr’ and ‘wcsstr’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings.
-- Function: bool u8_startswith (const uint8_t *STR, const uint8_t
*PREFIX)
-- Function: bool u16_startswith (const uint16_t *STR, const uint16_t
*PREFIX)
-- Function: bool u32_startswith (const uint32_t *STR, const uint32_t
*PREFIX)
Tests whether STR starts with PREFIX.
-- Function: bool u8_endswith (const uint8_t *STR, const uint8_t
*SUFFIX)
-- Function: bool u16_endswith (const uint16_t *STR, const uint16_t
*SUFFIX)
-- Function: bool u32_endswith (const uint32_t *STR, const uint32_t
*SUFFIX)
Tests whether STR ends with SUFFIX.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Tokenizing, Prev: Searching for a substring, Up: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings
4.5.8 Tokenizing a NUL terminated Unicode string
------------------------------------------------
The following function does one step in tokenizing a Unicode string.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strtok (uint8_t *STR, const uint8_t *DELIM,
uint8_t **PTR)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strtok (uint16_t *STR, const uint16_t
*DELIM, uint16_t **PTR)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strtok (uint32_t *STR, const uint32_t
*DELIM, uint32_t **PTR)
Divides STR into tokens separated by characters in DELIM.
This function is similar to ‘strtok_r’ and ‘wcstok’, except that it
operates on Unicode strings. Its interface is actually more
similar to ‘wcstok’ than to ‘strtok’.
File: libunistring.info, Node: uniconv.h, Next: unistdio.h, Prev: unistr.h, Up: Top
5 Conversions between Unicode and encodings ‘<uniconv.h>’
*********************************************************
This include file declares functions for converting between Unicode
strings and ‘char *’ strings in locale encoding or in other specified
encodings.
The following function returns the locale encoding.
-- Function: const char * locale_charset ()
Determines the current locale’s character encoding, and
canonicalizes it into one of the canonical names listed in
‘config.charset’. If the canonical name cannot be determined, the
result is a non-canonical name.
The result must not be freed; it is statically allocated.
The result of this function can be used as an argument to the
‘iconv_open’ function in GNU libc, in GNU libiconv, or in the
gnulib provided wrapper around the native ‘iconv_open’ function.
It may not work as an argument to the native ‘iconv_open’ function
directly.
The handling of unconvertible characters during the conversions can
be parametrized through the following enumeration type:
-- Type: enum iconv_ilseq_handler
This type specifies how unconvertible characters in the input are
handled.
-- Constant: enum iconv_ilseq_handler iconveh_error
This handler causes the function to return with ‘errno’ set to
‘EILSEQ’.
-- Constant: enum iconv_ilseq_handler iconveh_question_mark
This handler produces one question mark ‘?’ per unconvertible
character.
-- Constant: enum iconv_ilseq_handler iconveh_escape_sequence
This handler produces an escape sequence ‘\uXXXX’ or ‘\UXXXXXXXX’
for each unconvertible character.
The following functions convert between strings in a specified
encoding and Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_conv_from_encoding (const char *FROMCODE,
enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER, const char *SRC, size_t
SRCLEN, size_t *OFFSETS, uint8_t *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_conv_from_encoding (const char *FROMCODE,
enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER, const char *SRC, size_t
SRCLEN, size_t *OFFSETS, uint16_t *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_conv_from_encoding (const char *FROMCODE,
enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER, const char *SRC, size_t
SRCLEN, size_t *OFFSETS, uint32_t *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts an entire string, possibly including NUL bytes, from one
encoding to UTF-8 encoding.
Converts a memory region given in encoding FROMCODE. FROMCODE is
as for the ‘iconv_open’ function.
The input is in the memory region between SRC (inclusive) and ‘SRC
+ SRCLEN’ (exclusive).
If OFFSETS is not NULL, it should point to an array of SRCLEN
integers; this array is filled with offsets into the result, i.e.
the character starting at ‘SRC[i]’ corresponds to the character
starting at ‘RESULT[OFFSETS[i]]’, and other offsets are set to
‘(size_t)(-1)’.
‘RESULTBUF’ and ‘*LENGTHP’ should be a scratch buffer and its size,
or ‘RESULTBUF’ can be NULL.
May erase the contents of the memory at ‘RESULTBUF’.
If successful: The resulting Unicode string (non-NULL) is returned
and its length stored in ‘*LENGTHP’. The resulting string is
‘RESULTBUF’ if no dynamic memory allocation was necessary, or a
freshly allocated memory block otherwise.
In case of error: NULL is returned and ‘errno’ is set. Particular
‘errno’ values: ‘EINVAL’, ‘EILSEQ’, ‘ENOMEM’.
-- Function: char * u8_conv_to_encoding (const char *TOCODE, enum
iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER, const uint8_t *SRC, size_t
SRCLEN, size_t *OFFSETS, char *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: char * u16_conv_to_encoding (const char *TOCODE, enum
iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER, const uint16_t *SRC, size_t
SRCLEN, size_t *OFFSETS, char *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: char * u32_conv_to_encoding (const char *TOCODE, enum
iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER, const uint32_t *SRC, size_t
SRCLEN, size_t *OFFSETS, char *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts an entire Unicode string, possibly including NUL units,
from UTF-8 encoding to a given encoding.
Converts a memory region to encoding TOCODE. TOCODE is as for the
‘iconv_open’ function.
The input is in the memory region between SRC (inclusive) and ‘SRC
+ SRCLEN’ (exclusive).
If OFFSETS is not NULL, it should point to an array of SRCLEN
integers; this array is filled with offsets into the result, i.e.
the character starting at ‘SRC[i]’ corresponds to the character
starting at ‘RESULT[OFFSETS[i]]’, and other offsets are set to
‘(size_t)(-1)’.
‘RESULTBUF’ and ‘*LENGTHP’ should be a scratch buffer and its size,
or ‘RESULTBUF’ can be NULL.
May erase the contents of the memory at ‘RESULTBUF’.
If successful: The resulting Unicode string (non-NULL) is returned
and its length stored in ‘*LENGTHP’. The resulting string is
‘RESULTBUF’ if no dynamic memory allocation was necessary, or a
freshly allocated memory block otherwise.
In case of error: NULL is returned and ‘errno’ is set. Particular
‘errno’ values: ‘EINVAL’, ‘EILSEQ’, ‘ENOMEM’.
The following functions convert between NUL terminated strings in a
specified encoding and NUL terminated Unicode strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strconv_from_encoding (const char *STRING,
const char *FROMCODE, enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strconv_from_encoding (const char *STRING,
const char *FROMCODE, enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strconv_from_encoding (const char *STRING,
const char *FROMCODE, enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER)
Converts a NUL terminated string from a given encoding.
The result is ‘malloc’ allocated, or NULL (with ERRNO set) in case
of error.
Particular ‘errno’ values: ‘EILSEQ’, ‘ENOMEM’.
-- Function: char * u8_strconv_to_encoding (const uint8_t *STRING,
const char *TOCODE, enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER)
-- Function: char * u16_strconv_to_encoding (const uint16_t *STRING,
const char *TOCODE, enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER)
-- Function: char * u32_strconv_to_encoding (const uint32_t *STRING,
const char *TOCODE, enum iconv_ilseq_handler HANDLER)
Converts a NUL terminated string to a given encoding.
The result is ‘malloc’ allocated, or NULL (with ‘errno’ set) in
case of error.
Particular ‘errno’ values: ‘EILSEQ’, ‘ENOMEM’.
The following functions are shorthands that convert between NUL
terminated strings in locale encoding and NUL terminated Unicode
strings.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_strconv_from_locale (const char *STRING)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_strconv_from_locale (const char *STRING)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_strconv_from_locale (const char *STRING)
Converts a NUL terminated string from the locale encoding.
The result is ‘malloc’ allocated, or NULL (with ‘errno’ set) in
case of error.
Particular ‘errno’ values: ‘ENOMEM’.
-- Function: char * u8_strconv_to_locale (const uint8_t *STRING)
-- Function: char * u16_strconv_to_locale (const uint16_t *STRING)
-- Function: char * u32_strconv_to_locale (const uint32_t *STRING)
Converts a NUL terminated string to the locale encoding.
The result is ‘malloc’ allocated, or NULL (with ‘errno’ set) in
case of error.
Particular ‘errno’ values: ‘ENOMEM’.
File: libunistring.info, Node: unistdio.h, Next: uniname.h, Prev: uniconv.h, Up: Top
6 Output with Unicode strings ‘<unistdio.h>’
********************************************
This include file declares functions for doing formatted output with
Unicode strings. It defines a set of functions similar to ‘fprintf’ and
‘sprintf’, which are declared in ‘<stdio.h>’.
These functions work like the ‘printf’ function family. In the
format string:
• The format directive ‘U’ takes an UTF-8 string (‘const uint8_t *’).
• The format directive ‘lU’ takes an UTF-16 string (‘const uint16_t
*’).
• The format directive ‘llU’ takes an UTF-32 string (‘const uint32_t
*’).
A function name with an infix ‘v’ indicates that a ‘va_list’ is
passed instead of multiple arguments.
The functions ‘*sprintf’ have a BUF argument that is assumed to be
large enough. (_DANGEROUS! Overflowing the buffer will crash the
program._)
The functions ‘*snprintf’ have a BUF argument that is assumed to be
SIZE units large. (_DANGEROUS! The resulting string might be truncated
in the middle of a multibyte character._)
The functions ‘*asprintf’ have a RESULTP argument. The result will
be freshly allocated and stored in ‘*resultp’.
The functions ‘*asnprintf’ have a (RESULTBUF, LENGTHP) argument pair.
If RESULTBUF is not NULL and the result fits into ‘*LENGTHP’ units, it
is put in RESULTBUF, and RESULTBUF is returned. Otherwise, a freshly
allocated string is returned. In both cases, ‘*LENGTHP’ is set to the
length (number of units) of the returned string. In case of error, NULL
is returned and ‘errno’ is set.
The following functions take an ASCII format string and return a
result that is a ‘char *’ string in locale encoding.
-- Function: int ulc_sprintf (char *BUF, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int ulc_snprintf (char *BUF, size_t size, const char
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int ulc_asprintf (char **RESULTP, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: char * ulc_asnprintf (char *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP,
const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int ulc_vsprintf (char *BUF, const char *FORMAT, va_list
AP)
-- Function: int ulc_vsnprintf (char *BUF, size_t size, const char
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int ulc_vasprintf (char **RESULTP, const char *FORMAT,
va_list AP)
-- Function: char * ulc_vasnprintf (char *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP,
const char *FORMAT, va_list AP)
The following functions take an ASCII format string and return a
result in UTF-8 format.
-- Function: int u8_sprintf (uint8_t *BUF, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u8_snprintf (uint8_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u8_asprintf (uint8_t **RESULTP, const char *FORMAT,
...)
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_asnprintf (uint8_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u8_vsprintf (uint8_t *BUF, const char *FORMAT, va_list
ap)
-- Function: int u8_vsnprintf (uint8_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int u8_vasprintf (uint8_t **RESULTP, const char *FORMAT,
va_list AP)
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_vasnprintf (uint8_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const char *FORMAT, va_list AP)
The following functions take an UTF-8 format string and return a
result in UTF-8 format.
-- Function: int u8_u8_sprintf (uint8_t *BUF, const uint8_t *FORMAT,
...)
-- Function: int u8_u8_snprintf (uint8_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const
uint8_t *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u8_u8_asprintf (uint8_t **RESULTP, const uint8_t
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_u8_asnprintf (uint8_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const uint8_t *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u8_u8_vsprintf (uint8_t *BUF, const uint8_t *FORMAT,
va_list AP)
-- Function: int u8_u8_vsnprintf (uint8_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const
uint8_t *FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int u8_u8_vasprintf (uint8_t **RESULTP, const uint8_t
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_u8_vasnprintf (uint8_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const uint8_t *FORMAT, va_list AP)
The following functions take an ASCII format string and return a
result in UTF-16 format.
-- Function: int u16_sprintf (uint16_t *BUF, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u16_snprintf (uint16_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u16_asprintf (uint16_t **RESULTP, const char *FORMAT,
...)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_asnprintf (uint16_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u16_vsprintf (uint16_t *BUF, const char *FORMAT,
va_list ap)
-- Function: int u16_vsnprintf (uint16_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int u16_vasprintf (uint16_t **RESULTP, const char *FORMAT,
va_list AP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_vasnprintf (uint16_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const char *FORMAT, va_list AP)
The following functions take an UTF-16 format string and return a
result in UTF-16 format.
-- Function: int u16_u16_sprintf (uint16_t *BUF, const uint16_t
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u16_u16_snprintf (uint16_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const
uint16_t *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u16_u16_asprintf (uint16_t **RESULTP, const uint16_t
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_u16_asnprintf (uint16_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const uint16_t *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u16_u16_vsprintf (uint16_t *BUF, const uint16_t
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int u16_u16_vsnprintf (uint16_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const
uint16_t *FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int u16_u16_vasprintf (uint16_t **RESULTP, const uint16_t
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_u16_vasnprintf (uint16_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const uint16_t *FORMAT, va_list AP)
The following functions take an ASCII format string and return a
result in UTF-32 format.
-- Function: int u32_sprintf (uint32_t *BUF, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u32_snprintf (uint32_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u32_asprintf (uint32_t **RESULTP, const char *FORMAT,
...)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_asnprintf (uint32_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u32_vsprintf (uint32_t *BUF, const char *FORMAT,
va_list ap)
-- Function: int u32_vsnprintf (uint32_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int u32_vasprintf (uint32_t **RESULTP, const char *FORMAT,
va_list AP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_vasnprintf (uint32_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const char *FORMAT, va_list AP)
The following functions take an UTF-32 format string and return a
result in UTF-32 format.
-- Function: int u32_u32_sprintf (uint32_t *BUF, const uint32_t
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u32_u32_snprintf (uint32_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const
uint32_t *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u32_u32_asprintf (uint32_t **RESULTP, const uint32_t
*FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_u32_asnprintf (uint32_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const uint32_t *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int u32_u32_vsprintf (uint32_t *BUF, const uint32_t
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int u32_u32_vsnprintf (uint32_t *BUF, size_t SIZE, const
uint32_t *FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: int u32_u32_vasprintf (uint32_t **RESULTP, const uint32_t
*FORMAT, va_list AP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_u32_vasnprintf (uint32_t *resultbuf, size_t
*LENGTHP, const uint32_t *FORMAT, va_list AP)
The following functions take an ASCII format string and produce
output in locale encoding to a ‘FILE’ stream.
-- Function: int ulc_fprintf (FILE *STREAM, const char *FORMAT, ...)
-- Function: int ulc_vfprintf (FILE *STREAM, const char *FORMAT,
va_list AP)
File: libunistring.info, Node: uniname.h, Next: unictype.h, Prev: unistdio.h, Up: Top
7 Names of Unicode characters ‘<uniname.h>’
*******************************************
This include file implements the association between a Unicode
character and its name.
The name of a Unicode character allows to distinguish it from other,
similar looking characters. For example, the character ‘x’ has the name
‘"LATIN SMALL LETTER X"’ and is therefore different from the character
named ‘"MULTIPLICATION SIGN"’.
-- Macro: unsigned int UNINAME_MAX
This macro expands to a constant that is the required size of
buffer for a Unicode character name.
-- Function: char * unicode_character_name (ucs4_t UC, char *BUF)
Looks up the name of a Unicode character, in uppercase ASCII. BUF
must point to a buffer, at least ‘UNINAME_MAX’ bytes in size.
Returns the filled BUF, or NULL if the character does not have a
name.
-- Function: ucs4_t unicode_name_character (const char *NAME)
Looks up the Unicode character with a given name, in upper- or
lowercase ASCII. NAME can also be an alias name of a character.
Returns the character if found, or ‘UNINAME_INVALID’ if not found.
-- Macro: ucs4_t UNINAME_INVALID
This macro expands to a constant that is a special return value of
the ‘unicode_name_character’ function.
File: libunistring.info, Node: unictype.h, Next: uniwidth.h, Prev: uniname.h, Up: Top
8 Unicode character classification and properties ‘<unictype.h>’
****************************************************************
This include file declares functions that classify Unicode characters
and that test whether Unicode characters have specific properties.
The classification assigns a “general category” to every Unicode
character. This is similar to the classification provided by ISO C in
‘<wctype.h>’.
Properties are the data that guides various text processing
algorithms in the presence of specific Unicode characters.
* Menu:
* General category::
* Canonical combining class::
* Bidi class::
* Decimal digit value::
* Digit value::
* Numeric value::
* Mirrored character::
* Arabic shaping::
* Properties::
* Scripts::
* Blocks::
* ISO C and Java syntax::
* Classifications like in ISO C::
File: libunistring.info, Node: General category, Next: Canonical combining class, Up: unictype.h
8.1 General category
====================
Every Unicode character or code point has a _general category_
assigned to it. This classification is important for most algorithms
that work on Unicode text.
The GNU libunistring library provides two kinds of API for working
with general categories. The object oriented API uses a variable to
denote every predefined general category value or combinations thereof.
The low-level API uses a bit mask instead. The advantage of the object
oriented API is that if only a few predefined general category values
are used, the data tables are relatively small. When you combine
general category values (using ‘uc_general_category_or’,
‘uc_general_category_and’, or ‘uc_general_category_and_not’), or when
you use the low level bit masks, a big table is used thats holds the
complete general category information for all Unicode characters.
* Menu:
* Object oriented API::
* Bit mask API::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Object oriented API, Next: Bit mask API, Up: General category
8.1.1 The object oriented API for general category
--------------------------------------------------
-- Type: uc_general_category_t
This data type denotes a general category value. It is an
immediate type that can be copied by simple assignment, without
involving memory allocation. It is not an array type.
The following are the predefined general category value. Additional
general categories may be added in the future.
The ‘UC_CATEGORY_*’ constants reflect the systematic general category
values assigned by the Unicode Consortium. Whereas the other ‘UC_*’
macros are aliases, for use when readable code is preferred.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_L
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_LETTER
This represents the general category “Letter”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_LC
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_CASED_LETTER
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Lu
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_UPPERCASE_LETTER
This represents the general category “Letter, uppercase”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Ll
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_LOWERCASE_LETTER
This represents the general category “Letter, lowercase”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Lt
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_TITLECASE_LETTER
This represents the general category “Letter, titlecase”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Lm
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_MODIFIER_LETTER
This represents the general category “Letter, modifier”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Lo
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_OTHER_LETTER
This represents the general category “Letter, other”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_M
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_MARK
This represents the general category “Marker”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Mn
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_NON_SPACING_MARK
This represents the general category “Marker, nonspacing”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Mc
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_COMBINING_SPACING_MARK
This represents the general category “Marker, spacing combining”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Me
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_ENCLOSING_MARK
This represents the general category “Marker, enclosing”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_N
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_NUMBER
This represents the general category “Number”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Nd
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER
This represents the general category “Number, decimal digit”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Nl
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_LETTER_NUMBER
This represents the general category “Number, letter”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_No
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_OTHER_NUMBER
This represents the general category “Number, other”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_P
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_PUNCTUATION
This represents the general category “Punctuation”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Pc
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION
This represents the general category “Punctuation, connector”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Pd
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_DASH_PUNCTUATION
This represents the general category “Punctuation, dash”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Ps
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_OPEN_PUNCTUATION
This represents the general category “Punctuation, open”, a.k.a.
“start punctuation”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Pe
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_CLOSE_PUNCTUATION
This represents the general category “Punctuation, close”, a.k.a.
“end punctuation”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Pi
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_INITIAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION
This represents the general category “Punctuation, initial quote”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Pf
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_FINAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION
This represents the general category “Punctuation, final quote”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Po
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_OTHER_PUNCTUATION
This represents the general category “Punctuation, other”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_S
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_SYMBOL
This represents the general category “Symbol”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Sm
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_MATH_SYMBOL
This represents the general category “Symbol, math”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Sc
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_CURRENCY_SYMBOL
This represents the general category “Symbol, currency”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Sk
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_MODIFIER_SYMBOL
This represents the general category “Symbol, modifier”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_So
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_OTHER_SYMBOL
This represents the general category “Symbol, other”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Z
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_SEPARATOR
This represents the general category “Separator”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Zs
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_SPACE_SEPARATOR
This represents the general category “Separator, space”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Zl
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_LINE_SEPARATOR
This represents the general category “Separator, line”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Zp
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR
This represents the general category “Separator, paragraph”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_C
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_OTHER
This represents the general category “Other”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Cc
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_CONTROL
This represents the general category “Other, control”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Cf
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_FORMAT
This represents the general category “Other, format”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Cs
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_SURROGATE
This represents the general category “Other, surrogate”. All code
points in this category are invalid characters.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Co
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_PRIVATE_USE
This represents the general category “Other, private use”.
-- Constant: uc_general_category_t UC_CATEGORY_Cn
-- Macro: uc_general_category_t UC_UNASSIGNED
This represents the general category “Other, not assigned”. Some
code points in this category are invalid characters.
The following functions combine general categories, like in a boolean
algebra, except that there is no ‘not’ operation.
-- Function: uc_general_category_t uc_general_category_or
(uc_general_category_t CATEGORY1, uc_general_category_t
CATEGORY2)
Returns the union of two general categories. This corresponds to
the unions of the two sets of characters.
-- Function: uc_general_category_t uc_general_category_and
(uc_general_category_t CATEGORY1, uc_general_category_t
CATEGORY2)
Returns the intersection of two general categories as bit masks.
This _does not_ correspond to the intersection of the two sets of
characters.
-- Function: uc_general_category_t uc_general_category_and_not
(uc_general_category_t CATEGORY1, uc_general_category_t
CATEGORY2)
Returns the intersection of a general category with the complement
of a second general category, as bit masks. This _does not_
correspond to the intersection with complement, when viewing the
categories as sets of characters.
The following functions associate general categories with their name.
-- Function: const char * uc_general_category_name
(uc_general_category_t CATEGORY)
Returns the name of a general category, more precisely, the
abbreviated name. Returns NULL if the general category corresponds
to a bit mask that does not have a name.
-- Function: const char * uc_general_category_long_name
(uc_general_category_t CATEGORY)
Returns the long name of a general category. Returns NULL if the
general category corresponds to a bit mask that does not have a
name.
-- Function: uc_general_category_t uc_general_category_byname (const
char *CATEGORY_NAME)
Returns the general category given by name, e.g. ‘"Lu"’, or by
long name, e.g. ‘"Uppercase Letter"’. This lookup ignores spaces,
underscores, or hyphens as word separators and is
case-insignificant.
The following functions view general categories as sets of Unicode
characters.
-- Function: uc_general_category_t uc_general_category (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the general category of a Unicode character.
This function uses a big table.
-- Function: bool uc_is_general_category (ucs4_t UC,
uc_general_category_t CATEGORY)
Tests whether a Unicode character belongs to a given category. The
CATEGORY argument can be a predefined general category or the
combination of several predefined general categories.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Bit mask API, Prev: Object oriented API, Up: General category
8.1.2 The bit mask API for general category
-------------------------------------------
The following are the predefined general category value as bit masks.
Additional general categories may be added in the future.
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_L
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_LC
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Lu
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Ll
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Lt
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Lm
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Lo
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_M
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Mn
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Mc
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Me
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_N
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Nd
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Nl
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_No
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_P
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Pc
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Pd
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Ps
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Pe
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Pi
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Pf
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Po
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_S
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Sm
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Sc
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Sk
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_So
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Z
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Zs
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Zl
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Zp
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_C
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Cc
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Cf
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Cs
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Co
-- Macro: uint32_t UC_CATEGORY_MASK_Cn
The following function views general categories as sets of Unicode
characters.
-- Function: bool uc_is_general_category_withtable (ucs4_t UC, uint32_t
BITMASK)
Tests whether a Unicode character belongs to a given category. The
BITMASK argument can be a predefined general category bitmask or
the combination of several predefined general category bitmasks.
This function uses a big table comprising all general categories.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Canonical combining class, Next: Bidi class, Prev: General category, Up: unictype.h
8.2 Canonical combining class
=============================
Every Unicode character or code point has a _canonical combining
class_ assigned to it.
What is the meaning of the canonical combining class? Essentially,
it indicates the priority with which a combining character is attached
to its base character. The characters for which the canonical combining
class is 0 are the base characters, and the characters for which it is
greater than 0 are the combining characters. Combining characters are
rendered near/attached/around their base character, and combining
characters with small combining classes are attached "first" or "closer"
to the base character.
The canonical combining class of a character is a number in the range
0..255. The possible values are described in the Unicode Character
Database <http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UCD.html>. The list
here is not definitive; more values can be added in future versions.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_NR
The canonical combining class value for “Not Reordered” characters.
The value is 0.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_OV
The canonical combining class value for “Overlay” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_NK
The canonical combining class value for “Nukta” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_KV
The canonical combining class value for “Kana Voicing” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_VR
The canonical combining class value for “Virama” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_ATBL
The canonical combining class value for “Attached Below Left”
characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_ATB
The canonical combining class value for “Attached Below”
characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_ATA
The canonical combining class value for “Attached Above”
characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_ATAR
The canonical combining class value for “Attached Above Right”
characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_BL
The canonical combining class value for “Below Left” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_B
The canonical combining class value for “Below” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_BR
The canonical combining class value for “Below Right” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_L
The canonical combining class value for “Left” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_R
The canonical combining class value for “Right” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_AL
The canonical combining class value for “Above Left” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_A
The canonical combining class value for “Above” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_AR
The canonical combining class value for “Above Right” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_DB
The canonical combining class value for “Double Below” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_DA
The canonical combining class value for “Double Above” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_CCC_IS
The canonical combining class value for “Iota Subscript”
characters.
The following functions associate canonical combining classes with
their name.
-- Function: const char * uc_combining_class_name (int CCC)
Returns the name of a canonical combining class, more precisely,
the abbreviated name. Returns NULL if the canonical combining
class is a numeric value without a name.
-- Function: const char * uc_combining_class_long_name (int CCC)
Returns the long name of a canonical combining class. Returns NULL
if the canonical combining class is a numeric value without a name.
-- Function: int uc_combining_class_byname (const char *CCC_NAME)
Returns the canonical combining class given by name, e.g. ‘"BL"’,
or by long name, e.g. ‘"Below Left"’. This lookup ignores spaces,
underscores, or hyphens as word separators and is
case-insignificant.
The following function looks up the canonical combining class of a
character.
-- Function: int uc_combining_class (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the canonical combining class of a Unicode character.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Bidi class, Next: Decimal digit value, Prev: Canonical combining class, Up: unictype.h
8.3 Bidi class
==============
Every Unicode character or code point has a _bidi class_ assigned to
it. Before Unicode 4.0, this concept was known as _bidirectional
category_.
The bidi class guides the bidirectional algorithm
(<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/>). The possible values are the
following.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_L
The bidi class for ‘Left-to-Right‘” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_LRE
The bidi class for “Left-to-Right Embedding” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_LRO
The bidi class for “Left-to-Right Override” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_R
The bidi class for “Right-to-Left” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_AL
The bidi class for “Right-to-Left Arabic” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_RLE
The bidi class for “Right-to-Left Embedding” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_RLO
The bidi class for “Right-to-Left Override” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_PDF
The bidi class for “Pop Directional Format” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_EN
The bidi class for “European Number” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_ES
The bidi class for “European Number Separator” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_ET
The bidi class for “European Number Terminator” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_AN
The bidi class for “Arabic Number” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_CS
The bidi class for “Common Number Separator” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_NSM
The bidi class for “Non-Spacing Mark” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_BN
The bidi class for “Boundary Neutral” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_B
The bidi class for “Paragraph Separator” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_S
The bidi class for “Segment Separator” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_WS
The bidi class for “Whitespace” characters.
-- Constant: int UC_BIDI_ON
The bidi class for “Other Neutral” characters.
The following functions implement the association between a
bidirectional category and its name.
-- Function: const char * uc_bidi_class_name (int BIDI_CLASS)
-- Function: const char * uc_bidi_category_name (int CATEGORY)
Returns the name of a bidi class, more precisely, the abbreviated
name.
-- Function: const char * uc_bidi_class_long_name (int BIDI_CLASS)
Returns the long name of a bidi class.
-- Function: int uc_bidi_class_byname (const char *BIDI_CLASS_NAME)
-- Function: int uc_bidi_category_byname (const char *CATEGORY_NAME)
Returns the bidi class given by name, e.g. ‘"LRE"’, or by long
name, e.g. ‘"Left-to-Right Embedding"’. This lookup ignores
spaces, underscores, or hyphens as word separators and is
case-insignificant.
The following functions view bidirectional categories as sets of
Unicode characters.
-- Function: int uc_bidi_class (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: int uc_bidi_category (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the bidi class of a Unicode character.
-- Function: bool uc_is_bidi_class (ucs4_t UC, int BIDI_CLASS)
-- Function: bool uc_is_bidi_category (ucs4_t UC, int CATEGORY)
Tests whether a Unicode character belongs to a given bidi class.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Decimal digit value, Next: Digit value, Prev: Bidi class, Up: unictype.h
8.4 Decimal digit value
=======================
Decimal digits (like the digits from ‘0’ to ‘9’) exist in many
scripts. The following function converts a decimal digit character to
its numerical value.
-- Function: int uc_decimal_value (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the decimal digit value of a Unicode character. The return
value is an integer in the range 0..9, or -1 for characters that do
not represent a decimal digit.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Digit value, Next: Numeric value, Prev: Decimal digit value, Up: unictype.h
8.5 Digit value
===============
Digit characters are like decimal digit characters, possibly in
special forms, like as superscript, subscript, or circled. The
following function converts a digit character to its numerical value.
-- Function: int uc_digit_value (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the digit value of a Unicode character. The return value
is an integer in the range 0..9, or -1 for characters that do not
represent a digit.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Numeric value, Next: Mirrored character, Prev: Digit value, Up: unictype.h
8.6 Numeric value
=================
There are also characters that represent numbers without a digit
system, like the Roman numerals, and fractional numbers, like 1/4 or
3/4.
The following type represents the numeric value of a Unicode
character.
-- Type: uc_fraction_t
This is a structure type with the following fields:
int numerator;
int denominator;
An integer N is represented by ‘numerator = N’, ‘denominator = 1’.
The following function converts a number character to its numerical
value.
-- Function: uc_fraction_t uc_numeric_value (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the numeric value of a Unicode character. The return value
is a fraction, or the pseudo-fraction ‘{ 0, 0 }’ for characters
that do not represent a number.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Mirrored character, Next: Arabic shaping, Prev: Numeric value, Up: unictype.h
8.7 Mirrored character
======================
Character mirroring is used to associate the closing parenthesis
character to the opening parenthesis character, the closing brace
character with the opening brace character, and so on.
The following function looks up the mirrored character of a Unicode
character.
-- Function: bool uc_mirror_char (ucs4_t UC, ucs4_t *PUC)
Stores the mirrored character of a Unicode character UC in ‘*PUC’
and returns ‘true’, if it exists. Otherwise it stores UC
unmodified in ‘*PUC’ and returns ‘false’.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Arabic shaping, Next: Properties, Prev: Mirrored character, Up: unictype.h
8.8 Arabic shaping
==================
When Arabic characters are rendered, after bidi reordering has taken
place, the shape of the glyphs are modified so that many adjacent glyphs
are joined. Two character properties describe how this “Arabic shaping”
takes place: the joining type and the joining group.
* Menu:
* Joining type::
* Joining group::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Joining type, Next: Joining group, Up: Arabic shaping
8.8.1 Joining type of Arabic characters
---------------------------------------
The joining type of a character describes on which of the left and
right neighbour characters the character’s shape depends, and which of
the two neighbour characters are rendered depending on this character.
The joining type has the following possible values:
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_TYPE_U
“Non joining”: Characters of this joining type prohibit joining.
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_TYPE_T
“Transparent”: Characters of this joining type are skipped when
considering joining.
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_TYPE_C
“Join causing”: Characters of this joining type cause their
neighbour characters to change their shapes but don’t change their
own shape.
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_TYPE_L
“Left joining”: Characters of this joining type have two shapes,
isolated and initial. Such characters currently don’t exist.
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_TYPE_R
“Right joining”: Characters of this joining type have two shapes,
isolated and final.
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_TYPE_D
“Dual joining”: Characters of this joining type have four shapes,
initial, medial, final, and isolated.
The following functions implement the association between a joining
type and its name.
-- Function: const char * uc_joining_type_name (int JOINING_TYPE)
Returns the name of a joining type.
-- Function: const char * uc_joining_type_long_name (int JOINING_TYPE)
Returns the long name of a joining type.
-- Function: int uc_joining_type_byname (const char *JOINING_TYPE_NAME)
Returns the joining type given by name, e.g. ‘"D"’, or by long
name, e.g. ‘"Dual Joining’. This lookup ignores spaces,
underscores, or hyphens as word separators and is
case-insignificant.
The following function gives the joining type of every Unicode
character.
-- Function: int uc_joining_type (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the joining type of a Unicode character.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Joining group, Prev: Joining type, Up: Arabic shaping
8.8.2 Joining group of Arabic characters
----------------------------------------
The joining group of a character describes how the character’s shape
is modified in the four contexts of dual-joining characters or in the
two contexts of right-joining characters.
The joining group has the following possible values:
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_NONE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_AIN
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_ALAPH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_ALEF
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_BEH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_BETH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_BURUSHASKI_YEH_BARREE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_DAL
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_DALATH_RISH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_E
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_FARSI_YEH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_FE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_FEH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_FINAL_SEMKATH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_GAF
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_GAMAL
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_HAH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_HE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_HEH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_HEH_GOAL
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_HETH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_KAF
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_KAPH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_KHAPH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_KNOTTED_HEH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_LAM
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_LAMADH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_MEEM
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_MIM
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_NOON
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_NUN
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_NYA
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_PE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_QAF
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_QAPH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_REH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_REVERSED_PE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_SAD
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_SADHE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_SEEN
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_SEMKATH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_SHIN
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_SWASH_KAF
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_SYRIAC_WAW
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_TAH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_TAW
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_TEH_MARBUTA
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_TEH_MARBUTA_GOAL
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_TETH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_WAW
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_YEH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_YEH_BARREE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_YEH_WITH_TAIL
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_YUDH
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_YUDH_HE
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_ZAIN
-- Constant: int UC_JOINING_GROUP_ZHAIN
The following functions implement the association between a joining
group and its name.
-- Function: const char * uc_joining_group_name (int JOINING_GROUP)
Returns the name of a joining group.
-- Function: int uc_joining_group_byname (const char
*JOINING_GROUP_NAME)
Returns the joining group given by name, e.g. ‘"Teh_Marbuta"’.
This lookup ignores spaces, underscores, or hyphens as word
separators and is case-insignificant.
The following function gives the joining group of every Unicode
character.
-- Function: int uc_joining_group (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the joining group of a Unicode character.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Properties, Next: Scripts, Prev: Arabic shaping, Up: unictype.h
8.9 Properties
==============
This section defines boolean properties of Unicode characters. This
means, a character either has the given property or does not have it.
In other words, the property can be viewed as a subset of the set of
Unicode characters.
The GNU libunistring library provides two kinds of API for working
with properties. The object oriented API uses a type ‘uc_property_t’ to
designate a property. In the function-based API, which is a bit more
low level, a property is merely a function.
* Menu:
* Properties as objects::
* Properties as functions::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Properties as objects, Next: Properties as functions, Up: Properties
8.9.1 Properties as objects – the object oriented API
-----------------------------------------------------
The following type designates a property on Unicode characters.
-- Type: uc_property_t
This data type denotes a boolean property on Unicode characters.
It is an immediate type that can be copied by simple assignment,
without involving memory allocation. It is not an array type.
Many Unicode properties are predefined.
The following are general properties.
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_WHITE_SPACE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_ALPHABETIC
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_OTHER_ALPHABETIC
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_NOT_A_CHARACTER
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_DEFAULT_IGNORABLE_CODE_POINT
-- Constant: uc_property_t
UC_PROPERTY_OTHER_DEFAULT_IGNORABLE_CODE_POINT
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_DEPRECATED
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_LOGICAL_ORDER_EXCEPTION
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_VARIATION_SELECTOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_PRIVATE_USE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_UNASSIGNED_CODE_VALUE
The following properties are related to case folding.
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_UPPERCASE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_OTHER_UPPERCASE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_LOWERCASE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_OTHER_LOWERCASE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_TITLECASE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_CASED
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_CASE_IGNORABLE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_CHANGES_WHEN_LOWERCASED
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_CHANGES_WHEN_UPPERCASED
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_CHANGES_WHEN_TITLECASED
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_CHANGES_WHEN_CASEFOLDED
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_CHANGES_WHEN_CASEMAPPED
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_SOFT_DOTTED
The following properties are related to identifiers.
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_ID_START
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_OTHER_ID_START
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_ID_CONTINUE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_OTHER_ID_CONTINUE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_XID_START
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_XID_CONTINUE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_PATTERN_WHITE_SPACE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_PATTERN_SYNTAX
The following properties have an influence on shaping and rendering.
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_JOIN_CONTROL
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_GRAPHEME_BASE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_GRAPHEME_EXTEND
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_OTHER_GRAPHEME_EXTEND
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_GRAPHEME_LINK
The following properties relate to bidirectional reordering.
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_CONTROL
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_LEFT_TO_RIGHT
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_HEBREW_RIGHT_TO_LEFT
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_ARABIC_RIGHT_TO_LEFT
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_EUROPEAN_DIGIT
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_EUR_NUM_SEPARATOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_EUR_NUM_TERMINATOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_ARABIC_DIGIT
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_COMMON_SEPARATOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_BLOCK_SEPARATOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_SEGMENT_SEPARATOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_WHITESPACE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_NON_SPACING_MARK
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_BOUNDARY_NEUTRAL
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_PDF
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_EMBEDDING_OR_OVERRIDE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_BIDI_OTHER_NEUTRAL
The following properties deal with number representations.
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_HEX_DIGIT
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_ASCII_HEX_DIGIT
The following properties deal with CJK.
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_IDEOGRAPHIC
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPH
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_RADICAL
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_IDS_BINARY_OPERATOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_IDS_TRINARY_OPERATOR
Other miscellaneous properties are:
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_ZERO_WIDTH
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_SPACE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_NON_BREAK
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_ISO_CONTROL
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_FORMAT_CONTROL
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_DASH
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_HYPHEN
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_PUNCTUATION
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_LINE_SEPARATOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_QUOTATION_MARK
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_SENTENCE_TERMINAL
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_TERMINAL_PUNCTUATION
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_CURRENCY_SYMBOL
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_MATH
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_OTHER_MATH
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_PAIRED_PUNCTUATION
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_LEFT_OF_PAIR
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_COMBINING
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_COMPOSITE
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_DECIMAL_DIGIT
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_NUMERIC
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_DIACRITIC
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_EXTENDER
-- Constant: uc_property_t UC_PROPERTY_IGNORABLE_CONTROL
The following function looks up a property by its name.
-- Function: uc_property_t uc_property_byname (const char
*PROPERTY_NAME)
Returns the property given by name, e.g. ‘"White space"’. If a
property with the given name exists, the result will satisfy the
‘uc_property_is_valid’ predicate. Otherwise the result will not
satisfy this predicate and must not be passed to functions that
expect an ‘uc_property_t’ argument.
This lookup ignores spaces, underscores, or hyphens as word
separators, is case-insignificant, and supports the aliases listed
in Unicode’s ‘PropertyAliases.txt’ file.
This function references a big table of all predefined properties.
Its use can significantly increase the size of your application.
-- Function: bool uc_property_is_valid (uc_property_t property)
Returns ‘true’ when the given property is valid, or ‘false’
otherwise.
The following function views a property as a set of Unicode
characters.
-- Function: bool uc_is_property (ucs4_t UC, uc_property_t PROPERTY)
Tests whether the Unicode character UC has the given property.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Properties as functions, Prev: Properties as objects, Up: Properties
8.9.2 Properties as functions – the functional API
--------------------------------------------------
The following are general properties.
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_white_space (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_alphabetic (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_other_alphabetic (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_not_a_character (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_default_ignorable_code_point (ucs4_t
UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_other_default_ignorable_code_point
(ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_deprecated (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_logical_order_exception (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_variation_selector (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_private_use (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_unassigned_code_value (ucs4_t UC)
The following properties are related to case folding.
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_uppercase (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_other_uppercase (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_lowercase (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_other_lowercase (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_titlecase (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_cased (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_case_ignorable (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_changes_when_lowercased (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_changes_when_uppercased (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_changes_when_titlecased (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_changes_when_casefolded (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_changes_when_casemapped (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_soft_dotted (ucs4_t UC)
The following properties are related to identifiers.
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_id_start (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_other_id_start (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_id_continue (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_other_id_continue (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_xid_start (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_xid_continue (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_pattern_white_space (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_pattern_syntax (ucs4_t UC)
The following properties have an influence on shaping and rendering.
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_join_control (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_grapheme_base (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_grapheme_extend (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_other_grapheme_extend (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_grapheme_link (ucs4_t UC)
The following properties relate to bidirectional reordering.
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_control (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_left_to_right (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_hebrew_right_to_left (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_arabic_right_to_left (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_european_digit (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_eur_num_separator (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_eur_num_terminator (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_arabic_digit (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_common_separator (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_block_separator (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_segment_separator (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_whitespace (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_non_spacing_mark (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_boundary_neutral (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_pdf (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_embedding_or_override (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_bidi_other_neutral (ucs4_t UC)
The following properties deal with number representations.
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_hex_digit (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_ascii_hex_digit (ucs4_t UC)
The following properties deal with CJK.
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_ideographic (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_unified_ideograph (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_radical (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_ids_binary_operator (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_ids_trinary_operator (ucs4_t UC)
Other miscellaneous properties are:
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_zero_width (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_space (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_non_break (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_iso_control (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_format_control (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_dash (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_hyphen (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_punctuation (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_line_separator (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_paragraph_separator (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_quotation_mark (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_sentence_terminal (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_terminal_punctuation (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_currency_symbol (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_math (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_other_math (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_paired_punctuation (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_left_of_pair (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_combining (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_composite (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_decimal_digit (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_numeric (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_diacritic (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_extender (ucs4_t UC)
-- Function: bool uc_is_property_ignorable_control (ucs4_t UC)
File: libunistring.info, Node: Scripts, Next: Blocks, Prev: Properties, Up: unictype.h
8.10 Scripts
============
The Unicode characters are subdivided into scripts.
The following type is used to represent a script:
-- Type: uc_script_t
This data type is a structure type that refers to statically
allocated read-only data. It contains the following fields:
const char *name;
The ‘name’ field contains the name of the script.
The following functions look up a script.
-- Function: const uc_script_t * uc_script (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the script of a Unicode character. Returns NULL if UC does
not belong to any script.
-- Function: const uc_script_t * uc_script_byname (const char
*SCRIPT_NAME)
Returns the script given by its name, e.g. ‘"HAN"’. Returns NULL
if a script with the given name does not exist.
The following function views a script as a set of Unicode characters.
-- Function: bool uc_is_script (ucs4_t UC, const uc_script_t *SCRIPT)
Tests whether a Unicode character belongs to a given script.
The following gives a global picture of all scripts.
-- Function: void uc_all_scripts (const uc_script_t **SCRIPTS, size_t
*COUNT)
Get the list of all scripts. Stores a pointer to an array of all
scripts in ‘*SCRIPTS’ and the length of this array in ‘*COUNT’.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Blocks, Next: ISO C and Java syntax, Prev: Scripts, Up: unictype.h
8.11 Blocks
===========
The Unicode characters are subdivided into blocks. A block is an
interval of Unicode code points.
The following type is used to represent a block.
-- Type: uc_block_t
This data type is a structure type that refers to statically
allocated data. It contains the following fields:
ucs4_t start;
ucs4_t end;
const char *name;
The ‘start’ field is the first Unicode code point in the block.
The ‘end’ field is the last Unicode code point in the block.
The ‘name’ field is the name of the block.
The following function looks up a block.
-- Function: const uc_block_t * uc_block (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the block a character belongs to.
The following function views a block as a set of Unicode characters.
-- Function: bool uc_is_block (ucs4_t UC, const uc_block_t *BLOCK)
Tests whether a Unicode character belongs to a given block.
The following gives a global picture of all block.
-- Function: void uc_all_blocks (const uc_block_t **BLOCKS, size_t
*COUNT)
Get the list of all blocks. Stores a pointer to an array of all
blocks in ‘*BLOCKS’ and the length of this array in ‘*COUNT’.
File: libunistring.info, Node: ISO C and Java syntax, Next: Classifications like in ISO C, Prev: Blocks, Up: unictype.h
8.12 ISO C and Java syntax
==========================
The following properties are taken from language standards. The
supported language standards are ISO C 99 and Java.
-- Function: bool uc_is_c_whitespace (ucs4_t UC)
Tests whether a Unicode character is considered whitespace in ISO C
99.
-- Function: bool uc_is_java_whitespace (ucs4_t UC)
Tests whether a Unicode character is considered whitespace in Java.
The following enumerated values are the possible return values of the
functions ‘uc_c_ident_category’ and ‘uc_java_ident_category’.
-- Constant: int UC_IDENTIFIER_START
This return value means that the given character is valid as first
or subsequent character in an identifier.
-- Constant: int UC_IDENTIFIER_VALID
This return value means that the given character is valid as
subsequent character only.
-- Constant: int UC_IDENTIFIER_INVALID
This return value means that the given character is not valid in an
identifier.
-- Constant: int UC_IDENTIFIER_IGNORABLE
This return value (only for Java) means that the given character is
ignorable.
The following function determine whether a given character can be a
constituent of an identifier in the given programming language.
-- Function: int uc_c_ident_category (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the categorization of a Unicode character with respect to
the ISO C 99 identifier syntax.
-- Function: int uc_java_ident_category (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the categorization of a Unicode character with respect to
the Java identifier syntax.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Classifications like in ISO C, Prev: ISO C and Java syntax, Up: unictype.h
8.13 Classifications like in ISO C
==================================
The following character classifications mimic those declared in the
ISO C header files ‘<ctype.h>’ and ‘<wctype.h>’. These functions are
deprecated, because this set of functions was designed with ASCII in
mind and cannot reflect the more diverse reality of the Unicode
character set. But they can be a quick-and-dirty porting aid when
migrating from ‘wchar_t’ APIs to Unicode strings.
-- Function: bool uc_is_alnum (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any character for which ‘uc_is_alpha’ or ‘uc_is_digit’ is
true.
-- Function: bool uc_is_alpha (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any character for which ‘uc_is_upper’ or ‘uc_is_lower’ is
true, or any character that is one of a locale-specific set of
characters for which none of ‘uc_is_cntrl’, ‘uc_is_digit’,
‘uc_is_punct’, or ‘uc_is_space’ is true.
-- Function: bool uc_is_cntrl (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any control character.
-- Function: bool uc_is_digit (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any character that corresponds to a decimal-digit
character.
-- Function: bool uc_is_graph (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any character for which ‘uc_is_print’ is true and
‘uc_is_space’ is false.
-- Function: bool uc_is_lower (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any character that corresponds to a lowercase letter or
is one of a locale-specific set of characters for which none of
‘uc_is_cntrl’, ‘uc_is_digit’, ‘uc_is_punct’, or ‘uc_is_space’ is
true.
-- Function: bool uc_is_print (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any printing character.
-- Function: bool uc_is_punct (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any printing character that is one of a locale-specific
set of characters for which neither ‘uc_is_space’ nor ‘uc_is_alnum’
is true.
-- Function: bool uc_is_space (ucs4_t UC)
Test for any character that corresponds to a locale-specific set of
characters for which none of ‘uc_is_alnum’, ‘uc_is_graph’, or
‘uc_is_punct’ is true.
-- Function: bool uc_is_upper (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any character that corresponds to an uppercase letter or
is one of a locale-specific set of characters for which none of
‘uc_is_cntrl’, ‘uc_is_digit’, ‘uc_is_punct’, or ‘uc_is_space’ is
true.
-- Function: bool uc_is_xdigit (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any character that corresponds to a hexadecimal-digit
character.
-- Function: bool uc_is_blank (ucs4_t UC)
Tests for any character that corresponds to a standard blank
character or a locale-specific set of characters for which
‘uc_is_alnum’ is false.
File: libunistring.info, Node: uniwidth.h, Next: unigbrk.h, Prev: unictype.h, Up: Top
9 Display width ‘<uniwidth.h>’
******************************
This include file declares functions that return the display width,
measured in columns, of characters or strings, when output to a device
that uses non-proportional fonts.
Note that for some rarely used characters the actual fonts or
terminal emulators can use a different width. There is no mechanism for
communicating the display width of characters across a Unix
pseudo-terminal (tty). Also, there are scripts with complex rendering,
like the Indic scripts. For these scripts, there is no such concept as
non-proportional fonts. Therefore the results of these functions
usually work fine on most scripts and on most characters but can fail to
represent the actual display width.
These functions are locale dependent. The ENCODING argument
identifies the encoding (e.g. ‘"ISO-8859-2"’ for Polish).
-- Function: int uc_width (ucs4_t UC, const char *ENCODING)
Determines and returns the number of column positions required for
UC. Returns -1 if UC is a control character that has an influence
on the column position when output.
-- Function: int u8_width (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const char
*ENCODING)
-- Function: int u16_width (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const char
*ENCODING)
-- Function: int u32_width (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const char
*ENCODING)
Determines and returns the number of column positions required for
first N units (or fewer if S ends before this) in S. This function
ignores control characters in the string.
-- Function: int u8_strwidth (const uint8_t *S, const char *ENCODING)
-- Function: int u16_strwidth (const uint16_t *S, const char *ENCODING)
-- Function: int u32_strwidth (const uint32_t *S, const char *ENCODING)
Determines and returns the number of column positions required for
S. This function ignores control characters in the string.
File: libunistring.info, Node: unigbrk.h, Next: uniwbrk.h, Prev: uniwidth.h, Up: Top
10 Grapheme cluster breaks in strings ‘<unigbrk.h>’
***************************************************
This include file declares functions for determining where in a
string “grapheme clusters” start and end. A “grapheme cluster” is an
approximation to a user-perceived character, which sometimes corresponds
to multiple Unicode characters. Editing operations such as mouse
selection, cursor movement, and backspacing often operate on grapheme
clusters as units, not on individual characters.
Some grapheme clusters are built from a base character and a
combining character. The letter ‘é’, for example, is most commonly
represented in Unicode as a single character U+00E8 LATIN SMALL LETTER E
WITH ACUTE. It is, however, equally valid to use the pair of characters
U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E followed by U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT.
Since the user would perceive this pair of characters as a single
character, they would be grouped into a single grapheme cluster.
But there are also grapheme clusters that consist of several base
characters. For example, a Devanagari letter and a Devanagari vowel
sign that follows it may form a grapheme cluster. Similarly, some pairs
of Thai characters and Hangul syllables (formed by two or three Hangul
characters) are grapheme clusters.
* Menu:
* Grapheme cluster breaks in a string::
* Grapheme cluster break property::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string, Next: Grapheme cluster break property, Up: unigbrk.h
10.1 Grapheme cluster breaks in a string
========================================
The following functions find a single boundary between grapheme
clusters in a string.
-- Function: void u8_grapheme_next (const uint8_t *S, const uint8_t
*END)
-- Function: void u16_grapheme_next (const uint16_t *S, const uint16_t
*END)
-- Function: void u32_grapheme_next (const uint32_t *S, const uint32_t
*END)
Returns the start of the next grapheme cluster following S, or END
if no grapheme cluster break is encountered before it. Returns
NULL if and only if ‘S == END’.
Note that these functions do not handle the case when a character
outside of the range between S and END is needed to determine the
boundary. Use ‘_grapheme_breaks’ functions for such cases.
-- Function: void u8_grapheme_prev (const uint8_t *S, const uint8_t
*START)
-- Function: void u16_grapheme_prev (const uint16_t *S, const uint16_t
*START)
-- Function: void u32_grapheme_prev (const uint32_t *S, const uint32_t
*START)
Returns the start of the grapheme cluster preceding S, or START if
no grapheme cluster break is encountered before it. Returns NULL
if and only if ‘S == START’.
Note that these functions do not handle the case when a character
outside of the range between START and S is needed to determine the
boundary. Use ‘_grapheme_breaks’ functions for such cases.
The following functions determine all of the grapheme cluster
boundaries in a string.
-- Function: void u8_grapheme_breaks (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, char
*P)
-- Function: void u16_grapheme_breaks (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
char *P)
-- Function: void u32_grapheme_breaks (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
char *P)
-- Function: void ulc_grapheme_breaks (const char *S, size_t N, char
*P)
-- Function: void uc_grapheme_breaks (const ucs_t *S, size_t N, char
*P)
Determines the grapheme cluster break points in S, an array of N
units, and stores the result at ‘P[0..NX-1]’.
‘P[i] = 1’
means that there is a grapheme cluster boundary between
‘S[i-1]’ and ‘S[i]’.
‘P[i] = 0’
means that ‘S[i-1]’ and ‘S[i]’ are part of the same grapheme
cluster.
‘P[0]’ is always set to 1, because there is always a grapheme
cluster break at start of text.
In addition to the above variants for UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32
strings, ‘<unigbrk.h>’ provides another variant:
‘uc_grapheme_breaks’.
This is similar to ‘u32_grapheme_breaks’, but it accepts any
characters which may not be represented in UTF-32, such as control
characters.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Grapheme cluster break property, Prev: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string, Up: unigbrk.h
10.2 Grapheme cluster break property
====================================
This is a more low-level API. The grapheme cluster break property is
a property defined in Unicode Standard Annex #29, section “Grapheme
Cluster Boundaries”, see
<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries>. It
is used for determining the grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
The following are the possible values of the grapheme cluster break
property. More values may be added in the future.
-- Constant: int GBP_OTHER
-- Constant: int GBP_CR
-- Constant: int GBP_LF
-- Constant: int GBP_CONTROL
-- Constant: int GBP_EXTEND
-- Constant: int GBP_PREPEND
-- Constant: int GBP_SPACINGMARK
-- Constant: int GBP_L
-- Constant: int GBP_V
-- Constant: int GBP_T
-- Constant: int GBP_LV
-- Constant: int GBP_LVT
-- Constant: int GBP_RI
-- Constant: int GBP_ZWJ
-- Constant: int GBP_EB
-- Constant: int GBP_EM
-- Constant: int GBP_GAZ
-- Constant: int GBP_EBG
The following function looks up the grapheme cluster break property
of a character.
-- Function: int uc_graphemeclusterbreak_property (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the Grapheme_Cluster_Break property of a Unicode character.
The following function determines whether there is a grapheme cluster
break between two Unicode characters. It is the primitive upon which
the higher-level functions in the previous section are directly based.
-- Function: bool uc_is_grapheme_break (ucs4_t A, ucs4_t B)
Returns true if there is an grapheme cluster boundary between
Unicode characters A and B.
There is always a grapheme cluster break at the start or end of
text. You can specify zero for A or B to indicate start of text or
end of text, respectively.
This implements the extended (not legacy) grapheme cluster rules
described in the Unicode standard, because the standard says that
they are preferred.
Note that this function does not handle the case when three or more
consecutive characters are needed to determine the boundary. Use
‘uc_grapheme_breaks’ for such cases.
File: libunistring.info, Node: uniwbrk.h, Next: unilbrk.h, Prev: unigbrk.h, Up: Top
11 Word breaks in strings ‘<uniwbrk.h>’
***************************************
This include file declares functions for determining where in a
string “words” start and end. Here “words” are not necessarily the same
as entities that can be looked up in dictionaries, but rather groups of
consecutive characters that should not be split by text processing
operations.
* Menu:
* Word breaks in a string::
* Word break property::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Word breaks in a string, Next: Word break property, Up: uniwbrk.h
11.1 Word breaks in a string
============================
The following functions determine the word breaks in a string.
-- Function: void u8_wordbreaks (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, char *P)
-- Function: void u16_wordbreaks (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, char *P)
-- Function: void u32_wordbreaks (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, char *P)
-- Function: void ulc_wordbreaks (const char *S, size_t N, char *P)
Determines the word break points in S, an array of N units, and
stores the result at ‘P[0..N-1]’.
‘P[i] = 1’
means that there is a word boundary between ‘S[i-1]’ and
‘S[i]’.
‘P[i] = 0’
means that ‘S[i-1]’ and ‘S[i]’ must not be separated.
‘P[0]’ is always set to 0. If an application wants to consider a
word break to be present at the beginning of the string (before
‘S[0]’) or at the end of the string (after ‘S[0..N-1]’), it has to
treat these cases explicitly.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Word break property, Prev: Word breaks in a string, Up: uniwbrk.h
11.2 Word break property
========================
This is a more low-level API. The word break property is a property
defined in Unicode Standard Annex #29, section “Word Boundaries”, see
<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Word_Boundaries>. It is used for
determining the word breaks in a string.
The following are the possible values of the word break property.
More values may be added in the future.
-- Constant: int WBP_OTHER
-- Constant: int WBP_CR
-- Constant: int WBP_LF
-- Constant: int WBP_NEWLINE
-- Constant: int WBP_EXTEND
-- Constant: int WBP_FORMAT
-- Constant: int WBP_KATAKANA
-- Constant: int WBP_ALETTER
-- Constant: int WBP_MIDNUMLET
-- Constant: int WBP_MIDLETTER
-- Constant: int WBP_MIDNUM
-- Constant: int WBP_NUMERIC
-- Constant: int WBP_EXTENDNUMLET
-- Constant: int WBP_RI
-- Constant: int WBP_DQ
-- Constant: int WBP_SQ
-- Constant: int WBP_HL
-- Constant: int WBP_ZWJ
-- Constant: int WBP_EB
-- Constant: int WBP_EM
-- Constant: int WBP_GAZ
-- Constant: int WBP_EBG
The following function looks up the word break property of a
character.
-- Function: int uc_wordbreak_property (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the Word_Break property of a Unicode character.
File: libunistring.info, Node: unilbrk.h, Next: uninorm.h, Prev: uniwbrk.h, Up: Top
12 Line breaking ‘<unilbrk.h>’
******************************
This include file declares functions for determining where in a
string line breaks could or should be introduced, in order to make the
displayed string fit into a column of given width.
These functions are locale dependent. The ENCODING argument
identifies the encoding (e.g. ‘"ISO-8859-2"’ for Polish).
The following enumerated values indicate whether, at a given
position, a line break is possible or not. Given an string S as an
array ‘S[0..N-1]’ and a position I, the values have the following
meanings:
-- Constant: int UC_BREAK_MANDATORY
This value indicates that ‘S[I]’ is a line break character.
-- Constant: int UC_BREAK_POSSIBLE
This value indicates that a line break may be inserted between
‘S[I-1]’ and ‘S[I]’.
-- Constant: int UC_BREAK_HYPHENATION
This value indicates that a hyphen and a line break may be inserted
between ‘S[I-1]’ and ‘S[I]’. But beware of language dependent
hyphenation rules.
-- Constant: int UC_BREAK_PROHIBITED
This value indicates that ‘S[I-1]’ and ‘S[I]’ must not be
separated.
-- Constant: int UC_BREAK_UNDEFINED
This value is not used as a return value; rather, in the overriding
argument of the ‘u*_width_linebreaks’ functions, it indicates the
absence of an override.
The following functions determine the positions at which line breaks
are possible.
-- Function: void u8_possible_linebreaks (const uint8_t *S, size_t N,
const char *ENCODING, char *P)
-- Function: void u16_possible_linebreaks (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
const char *ENCODING, char *P)
-- Function: void u32_possible_linebreaks (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
const char *ENCODING, char *P)
-- Function: void ulc_possible_linebreaks (const char *S, size_t N,
const char *ENCODING, char *P)
Determines the line break points in S, and stores the result at
‘P[0..N-1]’. Every ‘P[I]’ is assigned one of the values
‘UC_BREAK_MANDATORY’, ‘UC_BREAK_POSSIBLE’, ‘UC_BREAK_HYPHENATION’,
‘UC_BREAK_PROHIBITED’.
The following functions determine where line breaks should be
inserted so that each line fits in a given width, when output to a
device that uses non-proportional fonts.
-- Function: int u8_width_linebreaks (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, int
WIDTH, int START_COLUMN, int AT_END_COLUMNS, const char
*OVERRIDE, const char *ENCODING, char *P)
-- Function: int u16_width_linebreaks (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, int
WIDTH, int START_COLUMN, int AT_END_COLUMNS, const char
*OVERRIDE, const char *ENCODING, char *P)
-- Function: int u32_width_linebreaks (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, int
WIDTH, int START_COLUMN, int AT_END_COLUMNS, const char
*OVERRIDE, const char *ENCODING, char *P)
-- Function: int ulc_width_linebreaks (const char *S, size_t N, int
WIDTH, int START_COLUMN, int AT_END_COLUMNS, const char
*OVERRIDE, const char *ENCODING, char *P)
Chooses the best line breaks, assuming that every character
occupies a width given by the ‘uc_width’ function (see *note
uniwidth.h::).
The string is ‘S[0..N-1]’.
The maximum number of columns per line is given as WIDTH. The
starting column of the string is given as START_COLUMN. If the
algorithm shall keep room after the last piece, this amount of room
can be given as AT_END_COLUMNS.
OVERRIDE is an optional override; if ‘OVERRIDE[I] !=
UC_BREAK_UNDEFINED’, ‘OVERRIDE[I]’ takes precedence over ‘P[I]’ as
returned by the ‘u*_possible_linebreaks’ function.
The given ENCODING is used for disambiguating widths in ‘uc_width’.
Returns the column after the end of the string, and stores the
result at ‘P[0..N-1]’. Every ‘P[I]’ is assigned one of the values
‘UC_BREAK_MANDATORY’, ‘UC_BREAK_POSSIBLE’, ‘UC_BREAK_HYPHENATION’,
‘UC_BREAK_PROHIBITED’. Here the value ‘UC_BREAK_POSSIBLE’
indicates that a line break _should_ be inserted.
File: libunistring.info, Node: uninorm.h, Next: unicase.h, Prev: unilbrk.h, Up: Top
13 Normalization forms (composition and decomposition) ‘<uninorm.h>’
********************************************************************
This include file defines functions for transforming Unicode strings
to one of the four normal forms, known as NFC, NFD, NKFC, NFKD. These
transformations involve decomposition and — for NFC and NFKC —
composition of Unicode characters.
* Menu:
* Decomposition of characters::
* Composition of characters::
* Normalization of strings::
* Normalizing comparisons::
* Normalization of streams::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Decomposition of characters, Next: Composition of characters, Up: uninorm.h
13.1 Decomposition of Unicode characters
========================================
The following enumerated values are the possible types of
decomposition of a Unicode character.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_CANONICAL
Denotes canonical decomposition.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_FONT
UCD marker: ‘<font>’. Denotes a font variant (e.g. a blackletter
form).
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_NOBREAK
UCD marker: ‘<noBreak>’. Denotes a no-break version of a space or
hyphen.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_INITIAL
UCD marker: ‘<initial>’. Denotes an initial presentation form
(Arabic).
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_MEDIAL
UCD marker: ‘<medial>’. Denotes a medial presentation form
(Arabic).
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_FINAL
UCD marker: ‘<final>’. Denotes a final presentation form (Arabic).
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_ISOLATED
UCD marker: ‘<isolated>’. Denotes an isolated presentation form
(Arabic).
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_CIRCLE
UCD marker: ‘<circle>’. Denotes an encircled form.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_SUPER
UCD marker: ‘<super>’. Denotes a superscript form.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_SUB
UCD marker: ‘<sub>’. Denotes a subscript form.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_VERTICAL
UCD marker: ‘<vertical>’. Denotes a vertical layout presentation
form.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_WIDE
UCD marker: ‘<wide>’. Denotes a wide (or zenkaku) compatibility
character.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_NARROW
UCD marker: ‘<narrow>’. Denotes a narrow (or hankaku)
compatibility character.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_SMALL
UCD marker: ‘<small>’. Denotes a small variant form (CNS
compatibility).
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_SQUARE
UCD marker: ‘<square>’. Denotes a CJK squared font variant.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_FRACTION
UCD marker: ‘<fraction>’. Denotes a vulgar fraction form.
-- Constant: int UC_DECOMP_COMPAT
UCD marker: ‘<compat>’. Denotes an otherwise unspecified
compatibility character.
The following constant denotes the maximum size of decomposition of a
single Unicode character.
-- Macro: unsigned int UC_DECOMPOSITION_MAX_LENGTH
This macro expands to a constant that is the required size of
buffer passed to the ‘uc_decomposition’ and
‘uc_canonical_decomposition’ functions.
The following functions decompose a Unicode character.
-- Function: int uc_decomposition (ucs4_t UC, int *DECOMP_TAG, ucs4_t
*DECOMPOSITION)
Returns the character decomposition mapping of the Unicode
character UC. DECOMPOSITION must point to an array of at least
‘UC_DECOMPOSITION_MAX_LENGTH’ ‘ucs_t’ elements.
When a decomposition exists, ‘DECOMPOSITION[0..N-1]’ and
‘*DECOMP_TAG’ are filled and N is returned. Otherwise -1 is
returned.
-- Function: int uc_canonical_decomposition (ucs4_t UC, ucs4_t
*DECOMPOSITION)
Returns the canonical character decomposition mapping of the
Unicode character UC. DECOMPOSITION must point to an array of at
least ‘UC_DECOMPOSITION_MAX_LENGTH’ ‘ucs_t’ elements.
When a decomposition exists, ‘DECOMPOSITION[0..N-1]’ is filled and
N is returned. Otherwise -1 is returned.
Note: This function returns the (simple) “canonical decomposition”
of UC. If you want the “full canonical decomposition” of UC, that
is, the recursive application of “canonical decomposition”, use the
function ‘u*_normalize’ with argument ‘UNINORM_NFD’ instead.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Composition of characters, Next: Normalization of strings, Prev: Decomposition of characters, Up: uninorm.h
13.2 Composition of Unicode characters
======================================
The following function composes a Unicode character from two Unicode
characters.
-- Function: ucs4_t uc_composition (ucs4_t UC1, ucs4_t UC2)
Attempts to combine the Unicode characters UC1, UC2. UC1 is known
to have canonical combining class 0.
Returns the combination of UC1 and UC2, if it exists. Returns 0
otherwise.
Not all decompositions can be recombined using this function. See
the Unicode file ‘CompositionExclusions.txt’ for details.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Normalization of strings, Next: Normalizing comparisons, Prev: Composition of characters, Up: uninorm.h
13.3 Normalization of strings
=============================
The Unicode standard defines four normalization forms for Unicode
strings. The following type is used to denote a normalization form.
-- Type: uninorm_t
An object of type ‘uninorm_t’ denotes a Unicode normalization form.
This is a scalar type; its values can be compared with ‘==’.
The following constants denote the four normalization forms.
-- Macro: uninorm_t UNINORM_NFD
Denotes Normalization form D: canonical decomposition.
-- Macro: uninorm_t UNINORM_NFC
Normalization form C: canonical decomposition, then canonical
composition.
-- Macro: uninorm_t UNINORM_NFKD
Normalization form KD: compatibility decomposition.
-- Macro: uninorm_t UNINORM_NFKC
Normalization form KC: compatibility decomposition, then canonical
composition.
The following functions operate on ‘uninorm_t’ objects.
-- Function: bool uninorm_is_compat_decomposing (uninorm_t NF)
Tests whether the normalization form NF does compatibility
decomposition.
-- Function: bool uninorm_is_composing (uninorm_t NF)
Tests whether the normalization form NF includes canonical
composition.
-- Function: uninorm_t uninorm_decomposing_form (uninorm_t NF)
Returns the decomposing variant of the normalization form NF. This
maps NFC,NFD → NFD and NFKC,NFKD → NFKD.
The following functions apply a Unicode normalization form to a
Unicode string.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_normalize (uninorm_t NF, const uint8_t *S,
size_t N, uint8_t *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_normalize (uninorm_t NF, const uint16_t *S,
size_t N, uint16_t *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_normalize (uninorm_t NF, const uint32_t *S,
size_t N, uint32_t *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Returns the specified normalization form of a string.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Normalizing comparisons, Next: Normalization of streams, Prev: Normalization of strings, Up: uninorm.h
13.4 Normalizing comparisons
============================
The following functions compare Unicode string, ignoring differences
in normalization.
-- Function: int u8_normcmp (const uint8_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint8_t *S2, size_t N2, uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_normcmp (const uint16_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint16_t *S2, size_t N2, uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_normcmp (const uint32_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint32_t *S2, size_t N2, uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
Compares S1 and S2, ignoring differences in normalization.
NF must be either ‘UNINORM_NFD’ or ‘UNINORM_NFKD’.
If successful, sets ‘*RESULTP’ to -1 if S1 < S2, 0 if S1 = S2, 1 if
S1 > S2, and returns 0. Upon failure, returns -1 with ‘errno’ set.
-- Function: char * u8_normxfrm (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, uninorm_t
NF, char *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: char * u16_normxfrm (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
uninorm_t NF, char *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: char * u32_normxfrm (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
uninorm_t NF, char *RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Converts the string S of length N to a NUL-terminated byte
sequence, in such a way that comparing ‘u8_normxfrm (S1)’ and
‘u8_normxfrm (S2)’ with the ‘u8_cmp2’ function is equivalent to
comparing S1 and S2 with the ‘u8_normcoll’ function.
NF must be either ‘UNINORM_NFC’ or ‘UNINORM_NFKC’.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: int u8_normcoll (const uint8_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint8_t *S2, size_t N2, uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_normcoll (const uint16_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint16_t *S2, size_t N2, uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_normcoll (const uint32_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint32_t *S2, size_t N2, uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
Compares S1 and S2, ignoring differences in normalization, using
the collation rules of the current locale.
NF must be either ‘UNINORM_NFC’ or ‘UNINORM_NFKC’.
If successful, sets ‘*RESULTP’ to -1 if S1 < S2, 0 if S1 = S2, 1 if
S1 > S2, and returns 0. Upon failure, returns -1 with ‘errno’ set.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Normalization of streams, Prev: Normalizing comparisons, Up: uninorm.h
13.5 Normalization of streams of Unicode characters
===================================================
A “stream of Unicode characters” is essentially a function that
accepts an ‘ucs4_t’ argument repeatedly, optionally combined with a
function that “flushes” the stream.
-- Type: struct uninorm_filter
This is the data type of a stream of Unicode characters that
normalizes its input according to a given normalization form and
passes the normalized character sequence to the encapsulated stream
of Unicode characters.
-- Function: struct uninorm_filter * uninorm_filter_create (uninorm_t
NF, int (*STREAM_FUNC) (void *STREAM_DATA, ucs4_t UC), void
*STREAM_DATA)
Creates and returns a normalization filter for Unicode characters.
The pair (STREAM_FUNC, STREAM_DATA) is the encapsulated stream.
‘STREAM_FUNC (STREAM_DATA, UC)’ receives the Unicode character UC
and returns 0 if successful, or -1 with ‘errno’ set upon failure.
Returns the new filter, or NULL with ‘errno’ set upon failure.
-- Function: int uninorm_filter_write (struct uninorm_filter *FILTER,
ucs4_t UC)
Stuffs a Unicode character into a normalizing filter. Returns 0 if
successful, or -1 with ‘errno’ set upon failure.
-- Function: int uninorm_filter_flush (struct uninorm_filter *FILTER)
Brings data buffered in the filter to its destination, the
encapsulated stream.
Returns 0 if successful, or -1 with ‘errno’ set upon failure.
Note! If after calling this function, additional characters are
written into the filter, the resulting character sequence in the
encapsulated stream will not necessarily be normalized.
-- Function: int uninorm_filter_free (struct uninorm_filter *FILTER)
Brings data buffered in the filter to its destination, the
encapsulated stream, then closes and frees the filter.
Returns 0 if successful, or -1 with ‘errno’ set upon failure.
File: libunistring.info, Node: unicase.h, Next: uniregex.h, Prev: uninorm.h, Up: Top
14 Case mappings ‘<unicase.h>’
******************************
This include file defines functions for case mapping for Unicode
strings and case insensitive comparison of Unicode strings and C
strings.
These string functions fix the problems that were mentioned in *note
char * strings::, namely, they handle the Croatian LETTER DZ WITH CARON,
the German LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S, the Greek sigma and the
Lithuanian i correctly.
* Menu:
* Case mappings of characters::
* Case mappings of strings::
* Case mappings of substrings::
* Case insensitive comparison::
* Case detection::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Case mappings of characters, Next: Case mappings of strings, Up: unicase.h
14.1 Case mappings of characters
================================
The following functions implement case mappings on Unicode characters
— for those cases only where the result of the mapping is a again a
single Unicode character.
These mappings are locale and context independent.
*WARNING!* These functions are not sufficient for languages such as
German, Greek and Lithuanian. Better use the functions below that treat
an entire string at once and are language aware.
-- Function: ucs4_t uc_toupper (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the uppercase mapping of the Unicode character UC.
-- Function: ucs4_t uc_tolower (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the lowercase mapping of the Unicode character UC.
-- Function: ucs4_t uc_totitle (ucs4_t UC)
Returns the titlecase mapping of the Unicode character UC.
The titlecase mapping of a character is to be used when the
character should look like upper case and the following characters
are lower cased.
For most characters, this is the same as the uppercase mapping.
There are only few characters where the title case variant and the
uuper case variant are different. These characters occur in the
Latin writing of the Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian languages.
Lower case Title case Upper case
---------------------------------------------------------------------
LATIN SMALL LETTER LATIN CAPITAL LETTER LATIN CAPITAL LETTER
LJ L WITH SMALL LETTER LJ
J
LATIN SMALL LETTER LATIN CAPITAL LETTER LATIN CAPITAL LETTER
NJ N WITH SMALL LETTER NJ
J
LATIN SMALL LETTER LATIN CAPITAL LETTER LATIN CAPITAL LETTER
DZ D WITH SMALL LETTER DZ
Z
LATIN SMALL LETTER LATIN CAPITAL LETTER LATIN CAPITAL LETTER
DZ WITH CARON D WITH SMALL LETTER DZ WITH CARON
Z WITH CARON
File: libunistring.info, Node: Case mappings of strings, Next: Case mappings of substrings, Prev: Case mappings of characters, Up: unicase.h
14.2 Case mappings of strings
=============================
Case mapping should always be performed on entire strings, not on
individual characters. The functions in this sections do so.
These functions allow to apply a normalization after the case
mapping. The reason is that if you want to treat ‘ä’ and ‘Ä’ the same,
you most often also want to treat the composed and decomposed forms of
such a character, U+00C4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS and
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A U+0308 COMBINING DIAERESIS the same. The
NF argument designates the normalization.
These functions are locale dependent. The ISO639_LANGUAGE argument
identifies the language (e.g. ‘"tr"’ for Turkish). NULL means to use
locale independent case mappings.
-- Function: const char * uc_locale_language ()
Returns the ISO 639 language code of the current locale. Returns
‘""’ if it is unknown, or in the "C" locale.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_toupper (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint8_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_toupper (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint16_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_toupper (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint32_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
Returns the uppercase mapping of a string.
The NF argument identifies the normalization form to apply after
the case-mapping. It can also be NULL, for no normalization.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_tolower (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint8_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_tolower (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint16_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_tolower (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint32_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
Returns the lowercase mapping of a string.
The NF argument identifies the normalization form to apply after
the case-mapping. It can also be NULL, for no normalization.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_totitle (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint8_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_totitle (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint16_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_totitle (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint32_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
Returns the titlecase mapping of a string.
Mapping to title case means that, in each word, the first cased
character is being mapped to title case and the remaining
characters of the word are being mapped to lower case.
The NF argument identifies the normalization form to apply after
the case-mapping. It can also be NULL, for no normalization.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Case mappings of substrings, Next: Case insensitive comparison, Prev: Case mappings of strings, Up: unicase.h
14.3 Case mappings of substrings
================================
Case mapping of a substring cannot simply be performed by extracting
the substring and then applying the case mapping function to it. This
does not work because case mapping requires some information about the
surrounding characters. The following functions allow to apply case
mappings to substrings of a given string, while taking into account the
characters that precede it (the “prefix”) and the characters that follow
it (the “suffix”).
-- Type: casing_prefix_context_t
This data type denotes the case-mapping context that is given by a
prefix string. It is an immediate type that can be copied by
simple assignment, without involving memory allocation. It is not
an array type.
-- Constant: casing_prefix_context_t unicase_empty_prefix_context
This constant is the case-mapping context that corresponds to an
empty prefix string.
The following functions return ‘casing_prefix_context_t’ objects:
-- Function: casing_prefix_context_t u8_casing_prefix_context (const
uint8_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: casing_prefix_context_t u16_casing_prefix_context (const
uint16_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: casing_prefix_context_t u32_casing_prefix_context (const
uint32_t *S, size_t N)
Returns the case-mapping context of a given prefix string.
-- Function: casing_prefix_context_t u8_casing_prefixes_context (const
uint8_t *S, size_t N, casing_prefix_context_t A_CONTEXT)
-- Function: casing_prefix_context_t u16_casing_prefixes_context (const
uint16_t *S, size_t N, casing_prefix_context_t A_CONTEXT)
-- Function: casing_prefix_context_t u32_casing_prefixes_context (const
uint32_t *S, size_t N, casing_prefix_context_t A_CONTEXT)
Returns the case-mapping context of the prefix concat(A, S), given
the case-mapping context of the prefix A.
-- Type: casing_suffix_context_t
This data type denotes the case-mapping context that is given by a
suffix string. It is an immediate type that can be copied by
simple assignment, without involving memory allocation. It is not
an array type.
-- Constant: casing_suffix_context_t unicase_empty_suffix_context
This constant is the case-mapping context that corresponds to an
empty suffix string.
The following functions return ‘casing_suffix_context_t’ objects:
-- Function: casing_suffix_context_t u8_casing_suffix_context (const
uint8_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: casing_suffix_context_t u16_casing_suffix_context (const
uint16_t *S, size_t N)
-- Function: casing_suffix_context_t u32_casing_suffix_context (const
uint32_t *S, size_t N)
Returns the case-mapping context of a given suffix string.
-- Function: casing_suffix_context_t u8_casing_suffixes_context (const
uint8_t *S, size_t N, casing_suffix_context_t A_CONTEXT)
-- Function: casing_suffix_context_t u16_casing_suffixes_context (const
uint16_t *S, size_t N, casing_suffix_context_t A_CONTEXT)
-- Function: casing_suffix_context_t u32_casing_suffixes_context (const
uint32_t *S, size_t N, casing_suffix_context_t A_CONTEXT)
Returns the case-mapping context of the suffix concat(S, A), given
the case-mapping context of the suffix A.
The following functions perform a case mapping, considering the
prefix context and the suffix context.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_ct_toupper (const uint8_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint8_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_ct_toupper (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint16_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_ct_toupper (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint32_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
Returns the uppercase mapping of a string that is surrounded by a
prefix and a suffix.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_ct_tolower (const uint8_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint8_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_ct_tolower (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint16_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_ct_tolower (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint32_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
Returns the lowercase mapping of a string that is surrounded by a
prefix and a suffix.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_ct_totitle (const uint8_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint8_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_ct_totitle (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint16_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_ct_totitle (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint32_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
Returns the titlecase mapping of a string that is surrounded by a
prefix and a suffix.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
For example, to uppercase the UTF-8 substring between ‘s +
start_index’ and ‘s + end_index’ of a string that extends from ‘s’ to ‘s
+ u8_strlen (s)’, you can use the statements
size_t result_length;
uint8_t result =
u8_ct_toupper (s + start_index, end_index - start_index,
u8_casing_prefix_context (s, start_index),
u8_casing_suffix_context (s + end_index,
u8_strlen (s) - end_index),
iso639_language, NULL, NULL, &result_length);
File: libunistring.info, Node: Case insensitive comparison, Next: Case detection, Prev: Case mappings of substrings, Up: unicase.h
14.4 Case insensitive comparison
================================
The following functions implement comparison that ignores differences
in case and normalization.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_casefold (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint8_t *RESULTBUF,
size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_casefold (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint16_t
*RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_casefold (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint32_t
*RESULTBUF, size_t *LENGTHP)
Returns the case folded string.
Comparing ‘u8_casefold (S1)’ and ‘u8_casefold (S2)’ with the
‘u8_cmp2’ function is equivalent to comparing S1 and S2 with
‘u8_casecmp’.
The NF argument identifies the normalization form to apply after
the case-mapping. It can also be NULL, for no normalization.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: uint8_t * u8_ct_casefold (const uint8_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint8_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint16_t * u16_ct_casefold (const uint16_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint16_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: uint32_t * u32_ct_casefold (const uint32_t *S, size_t N,
casing_prefix_context_t PREFIX_CONTEXT,
casing_suffix_context_t SUFFIX_CONTEXT, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, uint32_t *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
Returns the case folded string. The case folding takes into
account the case mapping contexts of the prefix and suffix strings.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: int u8_casecmp (const uint8_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint8_t *S2, size_t N2, const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t
NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_casecmp (const uint16_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint16_t *S2, size_t N2, const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE,
uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_casecmp (const uint32_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint32_t *S2, size_t N2, const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE,
uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int ulc_casecmp (const char *S1, size_t N1, const char
*S2, size_t N2, const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, int
*RESULTP)
Compares S1 and S2, ignoring differences in case and normalization.
The NF argument identifies the normalization form to apply after
the case-mapping. It can also be NULL, for no normalization.
If successful, sets ‘*RESULTP’ to -1 if S1 < S2, 0 if S1 = S2, 1 if
S1 > S2, and returns 0. Upon failure, returns -1 with ‘errno’ set.
The following functions additionally take into account the sorting
rules of the current locale.
-- Function: char * u8_casexfrm (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, char *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: char * u16_casexfrm (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, char *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: char * u32_casexfrm (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, char *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
-- Function: char * ulc_casexfrm (const char *S, size_t N, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, char *RESULTBUF, size_t
*LENGTHP)
Converts the string S of length N to a NUL-terminated byte
sequence, in such a way that comparing ‘u8_casexfrm (S1)’ and
‘u8_casexfrm (S2)’ with the gnulib function ‘memcmp2’ is equivalent
to comparing S1 and S2 with ‘u8_casecoll’.
NF must be either ‘UNINORM_NFC’, ‘UNINORM_NFKC’, or NULL for no
normalization.
The RESULTBUF and LENGTHP arguments are as described in chapter
*note Conventions::.
-- Function: int u8_casecoll (const uint8_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint8_t *S2, size_t N2, const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t
NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_casecoll (const uint16_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint16_t *S2, size_t N2, const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE,
uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_casecoll (const uint32_t *S1, size_t N1, const
uint32_t *S2, size_t N2, const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE,
uninorm_t NF, int *RESULTP)
-- Function: int ulc_casecoll (const char *S1, size_t N1, const char
*S2, size_t N2, const char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, uninorm_t NF, int
*RESULTP)
Compares S1 and S2, ignoring differences in case and normalization,
using the collation rules of the current locale.
The NF argument identifies the normalization form to apply after
the case-mapping. It must be either ‘UNINORM_NFC’ or
‘UNINORM_NFKC’. It can also be NULL, for no normalization.
If successful, sets ‘*RESULTP’ to -1 if S1 < S2, 0 if S1 = S2, 1 if
S1 > S2, and returns 0. Upon failure, returns -1 with ‘errno’ set.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Case detection, Prev: Case insensitive comparison, Up: unicase.h
14.5 Case detection
===================
The following functions determine whether a Unicode string is
entirely in upper case. or entirely in lower case, or entirely in title
case, or already case-folded.
-- Function: int u8_is_uppercase (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_is_uppercase (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_is_uppercase (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
Sets ‘*RESULTP’ to true if mapping NFD(S) to upper case is a no-op,
or to false otherwise, and returns 0. Upon failure, returns -1
with ‘errno’ set.
-- Function: int u8_is_lowercase (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_is_lowercase (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_is_lowercase (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
Sets ‘*RESULTP’ to true if mapping NFD(S) to lower case is a no-op,
or to false otherwise, and returns 0. Upon failure, returns -1
with ‘errno’ set.
-- Function: int u8_is_titlecase (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_is_titlecase (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_is_titlecase (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
Sets ‘*RESULTP’ to true if mapping NFD(S) to title case is a no-op,
or to false otherwise, and returns 0. Upon failure, returns -1
with ‘errno’ set.
-- Function: int u8_is_casefolded (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_is_casefolded (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_is_casefolded (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const
char *ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
Sets ‘*RESULTP’ to true if applying case folding to NFD(S) is a
no-op, or to false otherwise, and returns 0. Upon failure, returns
-1 with ‘errno’ set.
The following functions determine whether case mappings have any
effect on a Unicode string.
-- Function: int u8_is_cased (const uint8_t *S, size_t N, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u16_is_cased (const uint16_t *S, size_t N, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
-- Function: int u32_is_cased (const uint32_t *S, size_t N, const char
*ISO639_LANGUAGE, bool *RESULTP)
Sets ‘*RESULTP’ to true if case matters for S, that is, if mapping
NFD(S) to either upper case or lower case or title case is not a
no-op. Set ‘*RESULTP’ to false if NFD(S) maps to itself under the
upper case mapping, under the lower case mapping, and under the
title case mapping; in other words, when NFD(S) consists entirely
of caseless characters. Upon failure, returns -1 with ‘errno’ set.
File: libunistring.info, Node: uniregex.h, Next: Using the library, Prev: unicase.h, Up: Top
15 Regular expressions ‘<uniregex.h>’
*************************************
This include file is not yet implemented.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Using the library, Next: More functionality, Prev: uniregex.h, Up: Top
16 Using the library
********************
This chapter explains some practical considerations, regarding the
installation and compiler options that are needed in order to use this
library.
* Menu:
* Installation::
* Compiler options::
* Include files::
* Autoconf macro::
* Reporting problems::
File: libunistring.info, Node: Installation, Next: Compiler options, Up: Using the library
16.1 Installation
=================
Before you can use the library, it must be installed. First, you
have to make sure all dependencies are installed. They are listed in
the file ‘DEPENDENCIES’.
Then you can proceed to build and install the library, as described
in the file ‘INSTALL’. For installation on Windows systems, please
refer to the file ‘INSTALL.windows’.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Compiler options, Next: Include files, Prev: Installation, Up: Using the library
16.2 Compiler options
=====================
Let’s denote as ‘LIBUNISTRING_PREFIX’ the value of the ‘--prefix’
option that you passed to ‘configure’ while installing this package. If
you didn’t pass any ‘--prefix’ option, then the package is installed in
‘/usr/local’.
Let’s denote as ‘LIBUNISTRING_INCLUDEDIR’ the directory where the
include files were installed. This is usually the same as
‘${LIBUNISTRING_PREFIX}/include’. Except that if you passed an
‘--includedir’ option to ‘configure’, it is the value of that option.
Let’s further denote as ‘LIBUNISTRING_LIBDIR’ the directory where the
library itself was installed. This is the value that you passed with
the ‘--libdir’ option to ‘configure’, or otherwise the same as
‘${LIBUNISTRING_PREFIX}/lib’. Recall that when building in 64-bit mode
on a 64-bit GNU/Linux system that supports executables in either 64-bit
mode or 32-bit mode, you should have used the option
‘--libdir=${LIBUNISTRING_PREFIX}/lib64’.
So that the compiler finds the include files, you have to pass it the
option ‘-I${LIBUNISTRING_INCLUDEDIR}’.
So that the compiler finds the library during its linking pass, you
have to pass it the options ‘-L${LIBUNISTRING_LIBDIR} -lunistring’. On
some systems, in some configurations, you also have to pass options
needed for linking with ‘libiconv’. The autoconf macro
‘gl_LIBUNISTRING’ (see *note Autoconf macro::) deals with this
particularity.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Include files, Next: Autoconf macro, Prev: Compiler options, Up: Using the library
16.3 Include files
==================
Most of the include files have been presented in the introduction,
see *note Introduction::, and subsequent detailed chapters.
Another include file is ‘<unistring/version.h>’. It contains the
version number of the libunistring library.
-- Macro: int _LIBUNISTRING_VERSION
This constant contains the version of libunistring that is being
used at compile time. It encodes the major and minor parts of the
version number only. These parts are encoded in the form
‘(major<<8) + minor’.
-- Constant: int _libunistring_version
This constant contains the version of libunistring that is being
used at run time. It encodes the major and minor parts of the
version number only. These parts are encoded in the form
‘(major<<8) + minor’.
It is possible that ‘_libunistring_version’ is greater than
‘_LIBUNISTRING_VERSION’. This can happen when you use ‘libunistring’ as
a shared library, and a newer, binary backward-compatible version has
been installed after your program that uses ‘libunistring’ was
installed.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Autoconf macro, Next: Reporting problems, Prev: Include files, Up: Using the library
16.4 Autoconf macro
===================
GNU Gnulib provides an autoconf macro that tests for the availability
of ‘libunistring’. It is contained in the Gnulib module ‘libunistring’,
see
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/MODULES.html#module=libunistring>.
The macro is called ‘gl_LIBUNISTRING’. It searches for an installed
libunistring. If found, it sets and AC_SUBSTs ‘HAVE_LIBUNISTRING=yes’
and the ‘LIBUNISTRING’ and ‘LTLIBUNISTRING’ variables and augments the
‘CPPFLAGS’ variable, and defines the C macro ‘HAVE_LIBUNISTRING’ to 1.
Otherwise, it sets and AC_SUBSTs ‘HAVE_LIBUNISTRING=no’ and
‘LIBUNISTRING’ and ‘LTLIBUNISTRING’ to empty.
The complexities that ‘gl_LIBUNISTRING’ deals with are the following:
• On some operating systems, in some configurations, libunistring
depends on ‘libiconv’, and the options for linking with libiconv
must be mentioned explicitly on the link command line.
• GNU ‘libunistring’, if installed, is not necessarily already in the
search path (‘CPPFLAGS’ for the include file search path, ‘LDFLAGS’
for the library search path).
• GNU ‘libunistring’, if installed, is not necessarily already in the
run time library search path. To avoid the need for setting an
environment variable like ‘LD_LIBRARY_PATH’, the macro adds the
appropriate run time search path options to the ‘LIBUNISTRING’
variable. This works on most systems.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Reporting problems, Prev: Autoconf macro, Up: Using the library
16.5 Reporting problems
=======================
If you encounter any problem, please don’t hesitate to send a
detailed bug report to the ‘bug-libunistring@gnu.org’ mailing list. You
can alternatively also use the bug tracker at the project page
<https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/libunistring>.
Please always include the version number of this library, and a short
description of your operating system and compilation environment with
corresponding version numbers.
For problems that appear while building and installing
‘libunistring’, for which you don’t find the remedy in the ‘INSTALL’
file, please include a description of the options that you passed to the
‘configure’ script.
File: libunistring.info, Node: More functionality, Next: The wchar_t mess, Prev: Using the library, Up: Top
17 More advanced functionality
******************************
For bidirectional reordering of strings, we recommend the GNU FriBidi
library: <http://www.fribidi.org/>.
For the rendering of Unicode strings outside of the context of a
given toolkit (KDE/Qt or GNOME/Gtk), we recommend the Pango library:
<http://www.pango.org/>.
File: libunistring.info, Node: The wchar_t mess, Next: Licenses, Prev: More functionality, Up: Top
Appendix A The ‘wchar_t’ mess
*****************************
The ISO C and POSIX standard creators made an attempt to fix the
first problem mentioned in the section *note char * strings::. They
introduced
• a type ‘wchar_t’, designed to encapsulate an entire character,
• a “wide string” type ‘wchar_t *’, and
• functions declared in ‘<wctype.h>’ that were meant to supplant the
ones in ‘<ctype.h>’.
Unfortunately, this API and its implementation has numerous problems:
• On AIX and Windows platforms, ‘wchar_t’ is a 16-bit type. This
means that it can never accommodate an entire Unicode character.
Either the ‘wchar_t *’ strings are limited to characters in UCS-2
(the “Basic Multilingual Plane” of Unicode), or — if ‘wchar_t *’
strings are encoded in UTF-16 — a ‘wchar_t’ represents only half of
a character in the worst case, making the ‘<wctype.h>’ functions
pointless.
• On Solaris and FreeBSD, the ‘wchar_t’ encoding is locale dependent
and undocumented. This means, if you want to know any property of
a ‘wchar_t’ character, other than the properties defined by
‘<wctype.h>’ — such as whether it’s a dash, currency symbol,
paragraph separator, or similar —, you have to convert it to ‘char
*’ encoding first, by use of the function ‘wctomb’.
• When you read a stream of wide characters, through the functions
‘fgetwc’ and ‘fgetws’, and when the input stream/file is not in the
expected encoding, you have no way to determine the invalid byte
sequence and do some corrective action. If you use these
functions, your program becomes “garbage in - more garbage out” or
“garbage in - abort”.
As a consequence, it is better to use multibyte strings, as explained
in the section *note char * strings::. Such multibyte strings can
bypass limitations of the ‘wchar_t’ type, if you use functions defined
in gnulib and libunistring for text processing. They can also
faithfully transport malformed characters that were present in the
input, without requiring the program to produce garbage or abort.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Licenses, Next: Index, Prev: The wchar_t mess, Up: Top
Appendix B Licenses
*******************
The files of this package are covered by the licenses indicated in
each particular file or directory. Here is a summary:
• The ‘libunistring’ library and its header files are dual-licensed
under "the GNU LGPLv3+ or the GNU GPLv2". This means, you can use
it under either
• − the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
version 3 or (at your option) any later version, or
• − the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2,
or
• − the same dual license "the GNU LGPLv3+ or the GNU GPLv2".
You find the GNU LGPL version 3 in *note GNU LGPL::. This license
is based on the GNU GPL version 3, see *note GNU GPL::.
You can find the GNU GPL version 2 at
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html>.
Note: This dual license makes it possible for the ‘libunistring’
library to be used by packages under GPLv2 or GPLv2+ licenses, in
particular. See the table in
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#AllCompatibility>.
• This manual is free documentation. It is dually licensed under the
GNU FDL and the GNU GPL. This means that you can redistribute this
manual under either of these two licenses, at your choice.
This manual is covered by the GNU FDL. Permission is granted to
copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), either version 1.2 of the
License, or (at your option) any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation (FSF); with no Invariant Sections, with no
Front-Cover Text, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in *note GNU FDL::.
This manual is covered by the GNU GPL. You can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
(GPL), either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
later version published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). A
copy of the license is included in *note GNU GPL::.
* Menu:
* GNU GPL:: GNU General Public License
* GNU LGPL:: GNU Lesser General Public License
* GNU FDL:: GNU Free Documentation License
File: libunistring.info, Node: GNU GPL, Next: GNU LGPL, Up: Licenses
B.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
==============================
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
========
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
software and other kinds of works.
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
share and change all versions of a program—to make sure it remains free
software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have
certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive
or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
know their rights.
Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
For the developers’ and authors’ protection, the GPL clearly explains
that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users’ and
authors’ sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
authors of previous versions.
Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
protecting users’ freedom to change the software. The systematic
pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
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have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that
patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
====================
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You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
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A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within
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prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others’ Freedom.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement
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do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you
cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your
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then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example,
if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for
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13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
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covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero
General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through
a network will apply to the combination as such.
14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such
new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU
General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you
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that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version
number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any
version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that
proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
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author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS”
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE
RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES
AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE
THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA
BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
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THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely
approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in
connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of
liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
===========================
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
“copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your
program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
use an “about box”.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if
necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
the GNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first,
please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
File: libunistring.info, Node: GNU LGPL, Next: GNU FDL, Prev: GNU GPL, Up: Licenses
B.2 GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
=====================================
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public License,
supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.
0. Additional Definitions.
As used herein, “this License” refers to version 3 of the GNU
Lesser General Public License, and the “GNU GPL” refers to version
3 of the GNU General Public License.
“The Library” refers to a covered work governed by this License,
other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.
An “Application” is any work that makes use of an interface
provided by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the
Library. Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is
deemed a mode of using an interface provided by the Library.
A “Combined Work” is a work produced by combining or linking an
Application with the Library. The particular version of the
Library with which the Combined Work was made is also called the
“Linked Version”.
The “Minimal Corresponding Source” for a Combined Work means the
Corresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source
code for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in
isolation, are based on the Application, and not on the Linked
Version.
The “Corresponding Application Code” for a Combined Work means the
object code and/or source code for the Application, including any
data and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work
from the Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the
Combined Work.
1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.
You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this
License without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL.
2. Conveying Modified Versions.
If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a
facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an
Application that uses the facility (other than as an argument
passed when the facility is invoked), then you may convey a copy of
the modified version:
a. under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort
to ensure that, in the event an Application does not supply
the function or data, the facility still operates, and
performs whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful, or
b. under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of
this License applicable to that copy.
3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.
The object code form of an Application may incorporate material
from a header file that is part of the Library. You may convey
such object code under terms of your choice, provided that, if the
incorporated material is not limited to numerical parameters, data
structure layouts and accessors, or small macros, inline functions
and templates (ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the
following:
a. Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that
the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b. Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this
license document.
4. Combined Works.
You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that,
taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the
portions of the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse
engineering for debugging such modifications, if you also do each
of the following:
a. Give prominent notice with each copy of the Combined Work that
the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b. Accompany the Combined Work with a copy of the GNU GPL and
this license document.
c. For a Combined Work that displays copyright notices during
execution, include the copyright notice for the Library among
these notices, as well as a reference directing the user to
the copies of the GNU GPL and this license document.
d. Do one of the following:
0. Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms
of this License, and the Corresponding Application Code
in a form suitable for, and under terms that permit, the
user to recombine or relink the Application with a
modified version of the Linked Version to produce a
modified Combined Work, in the manner specified by
section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying Corresponding
Source.
1. Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with
the Library. A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses
at run time a copy of the Library already present on the
user’s computer system, and (b) will operate properly
with a modified version of the Library that is
interface-compatible with the Linked Version.
e. Provide Installation Information, but only if you would
otherwise be required to provide such information under
section 6 of the GNU GPL, and only to the extent that such
information is necessary to install and execute a modified
version of the Combined Work produced by recombining or
relinking the Application with a modified version of the
Linked Version. (If you use option 4d0, the Installation
Information must accompany the Minimal Corresponding Source
and Corresponding Application Code. If you use option 4d1,
you must provide the Installation Information in the manner
specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying
Corresponding Source.)
5. Combined Libraries.
You may place library facilities that are a work based on the
Library side by side in a single library together with other
library facilities that are not Applications and are not covered by
this License, and convey such a combined library under terms of
your choice, if you do both of the following:
a. Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work
based on the Library, uncombined with any other library
facilities, conveyed under the terms of this License.
b. Give prominent notice with the combined library that part of
it is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to
find the accompanying uncombined form of the same work.
6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to
time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present
version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or
concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Library as you received it specifies that a certain numbered
version of the GNU Lesser General Public License “or any later
version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
and conditions either of that published version or of any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library
as you received it does not specify a version number of the GNU
Lesser General Public License, you may choose any version of the
GNU Lesser General Public License ever published by the Free
Software Foundation.
If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
whether future versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License
shall apply, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of any
version is permanent authorization for you to choose that version
for the Library.
File: libunistring.info, Node: GNU FDL, Prev: GNU LGPL, Up: Licenses
B.3 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
“Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
“Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title
Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
“Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.)
To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard
network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
“History” section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
“Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
“History” in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
“Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
<http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
File: libunistring.info, Node: Index, Prev: Licenses, Up: Top
Index
*****
[index ]
* Menu:
* ambiguous width: uniwidth.h. (line 10)
* Arabic shaping: Arabic shaping. (line 6)
* argument conventions: Conventions. (line 9)
* autoconf macro: Autoconf macro. (line 6)
* bidi class: Bidi class. (line 6)
* bidirectional category: Bidi class. (line 6)
* bidirectional reordering: More functionality. (line 6)
* block: Blocks. (line 6)
* boundaries, between grapheme clusters: unigbrk.h. (line 6)
* boundaries, between words: uniwbrk.h. (line 6)
* breaks, grapheme cluster: unigbrk.h. (line 6)
* breaks, line: unilbrk.h. (line 6)
* breaks, word: uniwbrk.h. (line 6)
* bug reports: Reporting problems. (line 6)
* bug tracker: Reporting problems. (line 6)
* C string functions: char * strings. (line 6)
* C, programming language: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 6)
* C-like API: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 6)
* canonical combining class: Canonical combining class.
(line 6)
* case detection: Case detection. (line 6)
* case mappings: Case mappings of strings.
(line 6)
* casing_prefix_context_t: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 14)
* casing_suffix_context_t: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 43)
* char, type: char * strings. (line 22)
* combining, Unicode characters: Composition of characters.
(line 6)
* comparing: Comparing Unicode strings.
(line 6)
* comparing <1>: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 6)
* comparing, ignoring case: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 6)
* comparing, ignoring case, with collation rules: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 71)
* comparing, ignoring normalization: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 6)
* comparing, ignoring normalization and case: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 6)
* comparing, ignoring normalization and case, with collation rules: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 71)
* comparing, ignoring normalization, with collation rules: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 22)
* comparing, with collation rules: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 18)
* comparing, with collation rules, ignoring case: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 71)
* comparing, with collation rules, ignoring normalization: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 22)
* comparing, with collation rules, ignoring normalization and case: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 71)
* compiler options: Compiler options. (line 24)
* composing, Unicode characters: Composition of characters.
(line 6)
* converting: Elementary string conversions.
(line 6)
* converting <1>: uniconv.h. (line 45)
* copying: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 6)
* copying <1>: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 6)
* counting: Counting characters. (line 6)
* decomposing: Decomposition of characters.
(line 6)
* dependencies: Installation. (line 6)
* detecting case: Case detection. (line 6)
* duplicating: Elementary string functions with memory allocation.
(line 6)
* duplicating <1>: Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 6)
* enum iconv_ilseq_handler: uniconv.h. (line 29)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU FDL. (line 6)
* formatted output: unistdio.h. (line 6)
* fullwidth: uniwidth.h. (line 22)
* general category: General category. (line 6)
* gl_LIBUNISTRING: Autoconf macro. (line 11)
* GPL, GNU General Public License: GNU GPL. (line 6)
* grapheme cluster boundaries: unigbrk.h. (line 6)
* grapheme cluster breaks: unigbrk.h. (line 6)
* halfwidth: uniwidth.h. (line 22)
* identifiers: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 6)
* installation: Installation. (line 10)
* internationalization: Unicode and i18n. (line 6)
* iterating: Iterating. (line 6)
* iterating <1>: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 15)
* Java, programming language: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 6)
* joining group: Joining group. (line 6)
* joining of Arabic characters: Arabic shaping. (line 6)
* joining type: Joining type. (line 6)
* LGPL, GNU Lesser General Public License: GNU LGPL. (line 6)
* License, GNU FDL: GNU FDL. (line 6)
* License, GNU GPL: GNU GPL. (line 6)
* License, GNU LGPL: GNU LGPL. (line 6)
* Licenses: Licenses. (line 6)
* line breaks: unilbrk.h. (line 6)
* locale: Locale encodings. (line 6)
* locale categories: Locale encodings. (line 10)
* locale encoding: Locale encodings. (line 23)
* locale encoding <1>: uniconv.h. (line 10)
* locale language: Case mappings of strings.
(line 16)
* locale, multibyte: char * strings. (line 13)
* locale_charset: uniconv.h. (line 12)
* lowercasing: Case mappings of strings.
(line 6)
* mailing list: Reporting problems. (line 6)
* mirroring, of Unicode character: Mirrored character. (line 6)
* normal forms: uninorm.h. (line 6)
* normalizing: uninorm.h. (line 6)
* output, formatted: unistdio.h. (line 6)
* properties, of Unicode character: Properties. (line 6)
* regular expression: uniregex.h. (line 6)
* rendering: More functionality. (line 9)
* return value conventions: Conventions. (line 47)
* scripts: Scripts. (line 6)
* searching, for a character: Searching for a character.
(line 6)
* searching, for a character <1>: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 6)
* searching, for a substring: Searching for a substring.
(line 6)
* stream, normalizing a: Normalization of streams.
(line 6)
* struct uninorm_filter: Normalization of streams.
(line 10)
* titlecasing: Case mappings of strings.
(line 6)
* u16_asnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 111)
* u16_asprintf: unistdio.h. (line 109)
* u16_casecmp: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 54)
* u16_casecoll: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 100)
* u16_casefold: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 12)
* u16_casexfrm: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 77)
* u16_casing_prefixes_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 36)
* u16_casing_prefix_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 28)
* u16_casing_suffixes_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 65)
* u16_casing_suffix_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 57)
* u16_check: Elementary string checks.
(line 10)
* u16_chr: Searching for a character.
(line 9)
* u16_cmp: Comparing Unicode strings.
(line 11)
* u16_cmp2: Comparing Unicode strings.
(line 27)
* u16_conv_from_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 51)
* u16_conv_to_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 88)
* u16_cpy: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 10)
* u16_cpy_alloc: Elementary string functions with memory allocation.
(line 9)
* u16_ct_casefold: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 35)
* u16_ct_tolower: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 101)
* u16_ct_totitle: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 122)
* u16_ct_toupper: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 80)
* u16_endswith: Searching for a substring.
(line 30)
* u16_grapheme_breaks: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 42)
* u16_grapheme_next: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 11)
* u16_grapheme_prev: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 25)
* u16_is_cased: Case detection. (line 55)
* u16_is_casefolded: Case detection. (line 42)
* u16_is_lowercase: Case detection. (line 22)
* u16_is_titlecase: Case detection. (line 32)
* u16_is_uppercase: Case detection. (line 12)
* u16_mblen: Iterating. (line 10)
* u16_mbsnlen: Counting characters. (line 9)
* u16_mbtouc: Iterating. (line 20)
* u16_mbtoucr: Iterating. (line 48)
* u16_mbtouc_unsafe: Iterating. (line 39)
* u16_move: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 21)
* u16_next: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 23)
* u16_normalize: Normalization of strings.
(line 48)
* u16_normcmp: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 11)
* u16_normcoll: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 40)
* u16_normxfrm: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 24)
* u16_possible_linebreaks: unilbrk.h. (line 44)
* u16_prev: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 34)
* u16_set: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 34)
* u16_snprintf: unistdio.h. (line 107)
* u16_sprintf: unistdio.h. (line 106)
* u16_startswith: Searching for a substring.
(line 22)
* u16_stpcpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 19)
* u16_stpncpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 42)
* u16_strcat: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 55)
* u16_strchr: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 9)
* u16_strcmp: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 9)
* u16_strcoll: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 19)
* u16_strconv_from_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 127)
* u16_strconv_from_locale: uniconv.h. (line 156)
* u16_strconv_to_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 140)
* u16_strconv_to_locale: uniconv.h. (line 166)
* u16_strcpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 9)
* u16_strcspn: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 29)
* u16_strdup: Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 9)
* u16_strlen: Length. (line 9)
* u16_strmblen: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 10)
* u16_strmbtouc: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 16)
* u16_strncat: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 66)
* u16_strncmp: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 35)
* u16_strncpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 31)
* u16_strnlen: Length. (line 17)
* u16_strpbrk: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 53)
* u16_strrchr: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 17)
* u16_strspn: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 41)
* u16_strstr: Searching for a substring.
(line 11)
* u16_strtok: Tokenizing. (line 10)
* u16_strwidth: uniwidth.h. (line 38)
* u16_tolower: Case mappings of strings.
(line 44)
* u16_totitle: Case mappings of strings.
(line 61)
* u16_toupper: Case mappings of strings.
(line 27)
* u16_to_u32: Elementary string conversions.
(line 30)
* u16_to_u8: Elementary string conversions.
(line 23)
* u16_u16_asnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 131)
* u16_u16_asprintf: unistdio.h. (line 129)
* u16_u16_snprintf: unistdio.h. (line 127)
* u16_u16_sprintf: unistdio.h. (line 125)
* u16_u16_vasnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 139)
* u16_u16_vasprintf: unistdio.h. (line 137)
* u16_u16_vsnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 135)
* u16_u16_vsprintf: unistdio.h. (line 133)
* u16_uctomb: Creating Unicode strings.
(line 10)
* u16_vasnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 119)
* u16_vasprintf: unistdio.h. (line 117)
* u16_vsnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 115)
* u16_vsprintf: unistdio.h. (line 113)
* u16_width: uniwidth.h. (line 29)
* u16_width_linebreaks: unilbrk.h. (line 62)
* u16_wordbreaks: Word breaks in a string.
(line 9)
* u32_asnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 150)
* u32_asprintf: unistdio.h. (line 148)
* u32_casecmp: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 57)
* u32_casecoll: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 103)
* u32_casefold: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 15)
* u32_casexfrm: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 80)
* u32_casing_prefixes_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 38)
* u32_casing_prefix_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 30)
* u32_casing_suffixes_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 67)
* u32_casing_suffix_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 59)
* u32_check: Elementary string checks.
(line 11)
* u32_chr: Searching for a character.
(line 11)
* u32_cmp: Comparing Unicode strings.
(line 13)
* u32_cmp2: Comparing Unicode strings.
(line 29)
* u32_conv_from_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 54)
* u32_conv_to_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 91)
* u32_cpy: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 12)
* u32_cpy_alloc: Elementary string functions with memory allocation.
(line 10)
* u32_ct_casefold: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 40)
* u32_ct_tolower: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 106)
* u32_ct_totitle: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 127)
* u32_ct_toupper: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 85)
* u32_endswith: Searching for a substring.
(line 32)
* u32_grapheme_breaks: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 44)
* u32_grapheme_next: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 13)
* u32_grapheme_prev: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 27)
* u32_is_cased: Case detection. (line 57)
* u32_is_casefolded: Case detection. (line 44)
* u32_is_lowercase: Case detection. (line 24)
* u32_is_titlecase: Case detection. (line 34)
* u32_is_uppercase: Case detection. (line 14)
* u32_mblen: Iterating. (line 11)
* u32_mbsnlen: Counting characters. (line 10)
* u32_mbtouc: Iterating. (line 21)
* u32_mbtoucr: Iterating. (line 49)
* u32_mbtouc_unsafe: Iterating. (line 41)
* u32_move: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 23)
* u32_next: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 24)
* u32_normalize: Normalization of strings.
(line 50)
* u32_normcmp: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 13)
* u32_normcoll: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 42)
* u32_normxfrm: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 26)
* u32_possible_linebreaks: unilbrk.h. (line 46)
* u32_prev: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 36)
* u32_set: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 35)
* u32_snprintf: unistdio.h. (line 146)
* u32_sprintf: unistdio.h. (line 145)
* u32_startswith: Searching for a substring.
(line 24)
* u32_stpcpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 21)
* u32_stpncpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 44)
* u32_strcat: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 57)
* u32_strchr: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 10)
* u32_strcmp: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 10)
* u32_strcoll: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 20)
* u32_strconv_from_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 129)
* u32_strconv_from_locale: uniconv.h. (line 157)
* u32_strconv_to_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 142)
* u32_strconv_to_locale: uniconv.h. (line 167)
* u32_strcpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 11)
* u32_strcspn: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 31)
* u32_strdup: Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 10)
* u32_strlen: Length. (line 10)
* u32_strmblen: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 11)
* u32_strmbtouc: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 17)
* u32_strncat: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 68)
* u32_strncmp: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 37)
* u32_strncpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 33)
* u32_strnlen: Length. (line 18)
* u32_strpbrk: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 55)
* u32_strrchr: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 18)
* u32_strspn: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 43)
* u32_strstr: Searching for a substring.
(line 13)
* u32_strtok: Tokenizing. (line 12)
* u32_strwidth: uniwidth.h. (line 39)
* u32_tolower: Case mappings of strings.
(line 47)
* u32_totitle: Case mappings of strings.
(line 64)
* u32_toupper: Case mappings of strings.
(line 30)
* u32_to_u16: Elementary string conversions.
(line 44)
* u32_to_u8: Elementary string conversions.
(line 37)
* u32_u32_asnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 170)
* u32_u32_asprintf: unistdio.h. (line 168)
* u32_u32_snprintf: unistdio.h. (line 166)
* u32_u32_sprintf: unistdio.h. (line 164)
* u32_u32_vasnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 178)
* u32_u32_vasprintf: unistdio.h. (line 176)
* u32_u32_vsnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 174)
* u32_u32_vsprintf: unistdio.h. (line 172)
* u32_uctomb: Creating Unicode strings.
(line 11)
* u32_vasnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 158)
* u32_vasprintf: unistdio.h. (line 156)
* u32_vsnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 154)
* u32_vsprintf: unistdio.h. (line 152)
* u32_width: uniwidth.h. (line 31)
* u32_width_linebreaks: unilbrk.h. (line 65)
* u32_wordbreaks: Word breaks in a string.
(line 10)
* u8_asnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 72)
* u8_asprintf: unistdio.h. (line 70)
* u8_casecmp: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 51)
* u8_casecoll: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 97)
* u8_casefold: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 9)
* u8_casexfrm: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 74)
* u8_casing_prefixes_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 34)
* u8_casing_prefix_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 26)
* u8_casing_suffixes_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 63)
* u8_casing_suffix_context: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 55)
* u8_check: Elementary string checks.
(line 9)
* u8_chr: Searching for a character.
(line 8)
* u8_cmp: Comparing Unicode strings.
(line 9)
* u8_cmp2: Comparing Unicode strings.
(line 25)
* u8_conv_from_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 48)
* u8_conv_to_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 85)
* u8_cpy: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 8)
* u8_cpy_alloc: Elementary string functions with memory allocation.
(line 8)
* u8_ct_casefold: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 30)
* u8_ct_tolower: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 96)
* u8_ct_totitle: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 117)
* u8_ct_toupper: Case mappings of substrings.
(line 75)
* u8_endswith: Searching for a substring.
(line 28)
* u8_grapheme_breaks: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 40)
* u8_grapheme_next: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 9)
* u8_grapheme_prev: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 23)
* u8_is_cased: Case detection. (line 53)
* u8_is_casefolded: Case detection. (line 40)
* u8_is_lowercase: Case detection. (line 20)
* u8_is_titlecase: Case detection. (line 30)
* u8_is_uppercase: Case detection. (line 10)
* u8_mblen: Iterating. (line 9)
* u8_mbsnlen: Counting characters. (line 8)
* u8_mbtouc: Iterating. (line 19)
* u8_mbtoucr: Iterating. (line 47)
* u8_mbtouc_unsafe: Iterating. (line 37)
* u8_move: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 19)
* u8_next: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 22)
* u8_normalize: Normalization of strings.
(line 46)
* u8_normcmp: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 9)
* u8_normcoll: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 38)
* u8_normxfrm: Normalizing comparisons.
(line 22)
* u8_possible_linebreaks: unilbrk.h. (line 42)
* u8_prev: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 32)
* u8_set: Copying Unicode strings.
(line 33)
* u8_snprintf: unistdio.h. (line 68)
* u8_sprintf: unistdio.h. (line 67)
* u8_startswith: Searching for a substring.
(line 20)
* u8_stpcpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 18)
* u8_stpncpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 40)
* u8_strcat: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 54)
* u8_strchr: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 8)
* u8_strcmp: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 8)
* u8_strcoll: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 18)
* u8_strconv_from_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 125)
* u8_strconv_from_locale: uniconv.h. (line 155)
* u8_strconv_to_encoding: uniconv.h. (line 138)
* u8_strconv_to_locale: uniconv.h. (line 165)
* u8_strcpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 8)
* u8_strcspn: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 27)
* u8_strdup: Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 8)
* u8_strlen: Length. (line 8)
* u8_strmblen: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 9)
* u8_strmbtouc: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 15)
* u8_strncat: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 64)
* u8_strncmp: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings.
(line 33)
* u8_strncpy: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 29)
* u8_strnlen: Length. (line 16)
* u8_strpbrk: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 51)
* u8_strrchr: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 16)
* u8_strspn: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string.
(line 39)
* u8_strstr: Searching for a substring.
(line 9)
* u8_strtok: Tokenizing. (line 8)
* u8_strwidth: uniwidth.h. (line 37)
* u8_tolower: Case mappings of strings.
(line 41)
* u8_totitle: Case mappings of strings.
(line 58)
* u8_toupper: Case mappings of strings.
(line 24)
* u8_to_u16: Elementary string conversions.
(line 9)
* u8_to_u32: Elementary string conversions.
(line 16)
* u8_u8_asnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 92)
* u8_u8_asprintf: unistdio.h. (line 90)
* u8_u8_snprintf: unistdio.h. (line 88)
* u8_u8_sprintf: unistdio.h. (line 86)
* u8_u8_vasnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 100)
* u8_u8_vasprintf: unistdio.h. (line 98)
* u8_u8_vsnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 96)
* u8_u8_vsprintf: unistdio.h. (line 94)
* u8_uctomb: Creating Unicode strings.
(line 9)
* u8_vasnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 80)
* u8_vasprintf: unistdio.h. (line 78)
* u8_vsnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 76)
* u8_vsprintf: unistdio.h. (line 74)
* u8_width: uniwidth.h. (line 27)
* u8_width_linebreaks: unilbrk.h. (line 59)
* u8_wordbreaks: Word breaks in a string.
(line 8)
* UCS-4: Unicode. (line 14)
* ucs4_t: unitypes.h. (line 15)
* uc_all_blocks: Blocks. (line 36)
* uc_all_scripts: Scripts. (line 35)
* uc_bidi_category: Bidi class. (line 93)
* uc_bidi_category_byname: Bidi class. (line 83)
* uc_bidi_category_name: Bidi class. (line 75)
* uc_bidi_class: Bidi class. (line 92)
* uc_bidi_class_byname: Bidi class. (line 82)
* uc_bidi_class_long_name: Bidi class. (line 79)
* uc_bidi_class_name: Bidi class. (line 74)
* uc_block: Blocks. (line 26)
* uc_block_t: Blocks. (line 11)
* uc_canonical_decomposition: Decomposition of characters.
(line 90)
* uc_combining_class: Canonical combining class.
(line 110)
* uc_combining_class_byname: Canonical combining class.
(line 101)
* uc_combining_class_long_name: Canonical combining class.
(line 97)
* uc_combining_class_name: Canonical combining class.
(line 92)
* uc_composition: Composition of characters.
(line 9)
* uc_c_ident_category: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 38)
* uc_decimal_value: Decimal digit value. (line 10)
* uc_decomposition: Decomposition of characters.
(line 80)
* uc_digit_value: Digit value. (line 10)
* uc_fraction_t: Numeric value. (line 12)
* uc_general_category: Object oriented API. (line 221)
* uc_general_category_and: Object oriented API. (line 182)
* uc_general_category_and_not: Object oriented API. (line 189)
* uc_general_category_byname: Object oriented API. (line 211)
* uc_general_category_long_name: Object oriented API. (line 205)
* uc_general_category_name: Object oriented API. (line 199)
* uc_general_category_or: Object oriented API. (line 176)
* uc_general_category_t: Object oriented API. (line 6)
* uc_graphemeclusterbreak_property: Grapheme cluster break property.
(line 37)
* uc_grapheme_breaks: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 48)
* uc_is_alnum: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 13)
* uc_is_alpha: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 17)
* uc_is_bidi_category: Bidi class. (line 97)
* uc_is_bidi_class: Bidi class. (line 96)
* uc_is_blank: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 63)
* uc_is_block: Blocks. (line 31)
* uc_is_cntrl: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 23)
* uc_is_c_whitespace: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 9)
* uc_is_digit: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 26)
* uc_is_general_category: Object oriented API. (line 226)
* uc_is_general_category_withtable: Bit mask API. (line 51)
* uc_is_graph: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 30)
* uc_is_grapheme_break: Grapheme cluster break property.
(line 44)
* uc_is_java_whitespace: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 13)
* uc_is_lower: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 34)
* uc_is_print: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 40)
* uc_is_property: Properties as objects.
(line 150)
* uc_is_property_alphabetic: Properties as functions.
(line 9)
* uc_is_property_ascii_hex_digit: Properties as functions.
(line 80)
* uc_is_property_bidi_arabic_digit: Properties as functions.
(line 66)
* uc_is_property_bidi_arabic_right_to_left: Properties as functions.
(line 62)
* uc_is_property_bidi_block_separator: Properties as functions.
(line 68)
* uc_is_property_bidi_boundary_neutral: Properties as functions.
(line 72)
* uc_is_property_bidi_common_separator: Properties as functions.
(line 67)
* uc_is_property_bidi_control: Properties as functions.
(line 59)
* uc_is_property_bidi_embedding_or_override: Properties as functions.
(line 74)
* uc_is_property_bidi_european_digit: Properties as functions.
(line 63)
* uc_is_property_bidi_eur_num_separator: Properties as functions.
(line 64)
* uc_is_property_bidi_eur_num_terminator: Properties as functions.
(line 65)
* uc_is_property_bidi_hebrew_right_to_left: Properties as functions.
(line 61)
* uc_is_property_bidi_left_to_right: Properties as functions.
(line 60)
* uc_is_property_bidi_non_spacing_mark: Properties as functions.
(line 71)
* uc_is_property_bidi_other_neutral: Properties as functions.
(line 75)
* uc_is_property_bidi_pdf: Properties as functions.
(line 73)
* uc_is_property_bidi_segment_separator: Properties as functions.
(line 69)
* uc_is_property_bidi_whitespace: Properties as functions.
(line 70)
* uc_is_property_cased: Properties as functions.
(line 29)
* uc_is_property_case_ignorable: Properties as functions.
(line 30)
* uc_is_property_changes_when_casefolded: Properties as functions.
(line 34)
* uc_is_property_changes_when_casemapped: Properties as functions.
(line 35)
* uc_is_property_changes_when_lowercased: Properties as functions.
(line 31)
* uc_is_property_changes_when_titlecased: Properties as functions.
(line 33)
* uc_is_property_changes_when_uppercased: Properties as functions.
(line 32)
* uc_is_property_combining: Properties as functions.
(line 110)
* uc_is_property_composite: Properties as functions.
(line 111)
* uc_is_property_currency_symbol: Properties as functions.
(line 105)
* uc_is_property_dash: Properties as functions.
(line 97)
* uc_is_property_decimal_digit: Properties as functions.
(line 112)
* uc_is_property_default_ignorable_code_point: Properties as functions.
(line 12)
* uc_is_property_deprecated: Properties as functions.
(line 16)
* uc_is_property_diacritic: Properties as functions.
(line 114)
* uc_is_property_extender: Properties as functions.
(line 115)
* uc_is_property_format_control: Properties as functions.
(line 96)
* uc_is_property_grapheme_base: Properties as functions.
(line 52)
* uc_is_property_grapheme_extend: Properties as functions.
(line 53)
* uc_is_property_grapheme_link: Properties as functions.
(line 55)
* uc_is_property_hex_digit: Properties as functions.
(line 79)
* uc_is_property_hyphen: Properties as functions.
(line 98)
* uc_is_property_ideographic: Properties as functions.
(line 84)
* uc_is_property_ids_binary_operator: Properties as functions.
(line 87)
* uc_is_property_ids_trinary_operator: Properties as functions.
(line 88)
* uc_is_property_id_continue: Properties as functions.
(line 42)
* uc_is_property_id_start: Properties as functions.
(line 40)
* uc_is_property_ignorable_control: Properties as functions.
(line 116)
* uc_is_property_iso_control: Properties as functions.
(line 95)
* uc_is_property_join_control: Properties as functions.
(line 51)
* uc_is_property_left_of_pair: Properties as functions.
(line 109)
* uc_is_property_line_separator: Properties as functions.
(line 100)
* uc_is_property_logical_order_exception: Properties as functions.
(line 17)
* uc_is_property_lowercase: Properties as functions.
(line 26)
* uc_is_property_math: Properties as functions.
(line 106)
* uc_is_property_non_break: Properties as functions.
(line 94)
* uc_is_property_not_a_character: Properties as functions.
(line 11)
* uc_is_property_numeric: Properties as functions.
(line 113)
* uc_is_property_other_alphabetic: Properties as functions.
(line 10)
* uc_is_property_other_default_ignorable_code_point: Properties as functions.
(line 14)
* uc_is_property_other_grapheme_extend: Properties as functions.
(line 54)
* uc_is_property_other_id_continue: Properties as functions.
(line 43)
* uc_is_property_other_id_start: Properties as functions.
(line 41)
* uc_is_property_other_lowercase: Properties as functions.
(line 27)
* uc_is_property_other_math: Properties as functions.
(line 107)
* uc_is_property_other_uppercase: Properties as functions.
(line 25)
* uc_is_property_paired_punctuation: Properties as functions.
(line 108)
* uc_is_property_paragraph_separator: Properties as functions.
(line 101)
* uc_is_property_pattern_syntax: Properties as functions.
(line 47)
* uc_is_property_pattern_white_space: Properties as functions.
(line 46)
* uc_is_property_private_use: Properties as functions.
(line 19)
* uc_is_property_punctuation: Properties as functions.
(line 99)
* uc_is_property_quotation_mark: Properties as functions.
(line 102)
* uc_is_property_radical: Properties as functions.
(line 86)
* uc_is_property_sentence_terminal: Properties as functions.
(line 103)
* uc_is_property_soft_dotted: Properties as functions.
(line 36)
* uc_is_property_space: Properties as functions.
(line 93)
* uc_is_property_terminal_punctuation: Properties as functions.
(line 104)
* uc_is_property_titlecase: Properties as functions.
(line 28)
* uc_is_property_unassigned_code_value: Properties as functions.
(line 20)
* uc_is_property_unified_ideograph: Properties as functions.
(line 85)
* uc_is_property_uppercase: Properties as functions.
(line 24)
* uc_is_property_variation_selector: Properties as functions.
(line 18)
* uc_is_property_white_space: Properties as functions.
(line 8)
* uc_is_property_xid_continue: Properties as functions.
(line 45)
* uc_is_property_xid_start: Properties as functions.
(line 44)
* uc_is_property_zero_width: Properties as functions.
(line 92)
* uc_is_punct: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 43)
* uc_is_script: Scripts. (line 30)
* uc_is_space: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 48)
* uc_is_upper: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 53)
* uc_is_xdigit: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 59)
* uc_java_ident_category: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 42)
* uc_joining_group: Joining group. (line 85)
* uc_joining_group_byname: Joining group. (line 76)
* uc_joining_group_name: Joining group. (line 73)
* uc_joining_type: Joining type. (line 54)
* uc_joining_type_byname: Joining type. (line 45)
* uc_joining_type_long_name: Joining type. (line 42)
* uc_joining_type_name: Joining type. (line 39)
* uc_locale_language: Case mappings of strings.
(line 20)
* uc_mirror_char: Mirrored character. (line 13)
* uc_numeric_value: Numeric value. (line 21)
* uc_property_byname: Properties as objects.
(line 128)
* uc_property_is_valid: Properties as objects.
(line 143)
* uc_property_t: Properties as objects.
(line 8)
* uc_script: Scripts. (line 19)
* uc_script_byname: Scripts. (line 23)
* uc_script_t: Scripts. (line 10)
* uc_tolower: Case mappings of characters.
(line 19)
* uc_totitle: Case mappings of characters.
(line 22)
* uc_toupper: Case mappings of characters.
(line 16)
* uc_width: uniwidth.h. (line 22)
* uc_wordbreak_property: Word break property. (line 40)
* uint16_t: unitypes.h. (line 9)
* uint32_t: unitypes.h. (line 10)
* uint8_t: unitypes.h. (line 8)
* ulc_asnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 49)
* ulc_asprintf: unistdio.h. (line 47)
* ulc_casecmp: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 60)
* ulc_casecoll: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 106)
* ulc_casexfrm: Case insensitive comparison.
(line 83)
* ulc_fprintf: unistdio.h. (line 184)
* ulc_grapheme_breaks: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string.
(line 46)
* ulc_possible_linebreaks: unilbrk.h. (line 48)
* ulc_snprintf: unistdio.h. (line 44)
* ulc_sprintf: unistdio.h. (line 42)
* ulc_vasnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 61)
* ulc_vasprintf: unistdio.h. (line 58)
* ulc_vfprintf: unistdio.h. (line 185)
* ulc_vsnprintf: unistdio.h. (line 55)
* ulc_vsprintf: unistdio.h. (line 52)
* ulc_width_linebreaks: unilbrk.h. (line 68)
* ulc_wordbreaks: Word breaks in a string.
(line 11)
* Unicode: Unicode. (line 6)
* Unicode character, bidi class: Bidi class. (line 6)
* Unicode character, bidirectional category: Bidi class. (line 6)
* Unicode character, block: Blocks. (line 24)
* Unicode character, canonical combining class: Canonical combining class.
(line 6)
* Unicode character, case mappings: Case mappings of characters.
(line 6)
* Unicode character, classification: General category. (line 6)
* Unicode character, classification like in C: Classifications like in ISO C.
(line 6)
* Unicode character, general category: General category. (line 6)
* Unicode character, mirroring: Mirrored character. (line 6)
* Unicode character, name: uniname.h. (line 6)
* Unicode character, properties: Properties. (line 6)
* Unicode character, script: Scripts. (line 17)
* Unicode character, validity in C identifiers: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 38)
* Unicode character, validity in Java identifiers: ISO C and Java syntax.
(line 42)
* Unicode character, value: Decimal digit value. (line 6)
* Unicode character, value <1>: Digit value. (line 6)
* Unicode character, value <2>: Numeric value. (line 6)
* Unicode character, width: uniwidth.h. (line 22)
* unicode_character_name: uniname.h. (line 18)
* unicode_name_character: uniname.h. (line 24)
* uninorm_decomposing_form: Normalization of strings.
(line 39)
* uninorm_filter_create: Normalization of streams.
(line 16)
* uninorm_filter_flush: Normalization of streams.
(line 32)
* uninorm_filter_free: Normalization of streams.
(line 42)
* uninorm_filter_write: Normalization of streams.
(line 27)
* uninorm_is_compat_decomposing: Normalization of strings.
(line 31)
* uninorm_is_composing: Normalization of strings.
(line 35)
* uninorm_t: Normalization of strings.
(line 9)
* uppercasing: Case mappings of strings.
(line 6)
* use cases: Introduction. (line 36)
* UTF-16: Unicode. (line 14)
* UTF-16, strings: Unicode strings. (line 6)
* UTF-32: Unicode. (line 14)
* UTF-32, strings: Unicode strings. (line 6)
* UTF-8: Unicode. (line 14)
* UTF-8, strings: Unicode strings. (line 6)
* validity: Elementary string checks.
(line 6)
* value, of libunistring: Introduction. (line 36)
* value, of Unicode character: Decimal digit value. (line 6)
* value, of Unicode character <1>: Digit value. (line 6)
* value, of Unicode character <2>: Numeric value. (line 6)
* verification: Elementary string checks.
(line 6)
* wchar_t, type: The wchar_t mess. (line 6)
* well-formed: Elementary string checks.
(line 6)
* width: uniwidth.h. (line 6)
* word boundaries: uniwbrk.h. (line 6)
* word breaks: uniwbrk.h. (line 6)
* wrapping: unilbrk.h. (line 6)
Tag Table:
Node: Top269
Node: Introduction3950
Node: Unicode5971
Node: Unicode and i18n7856
Node: Locale encodings9518
Node: In-memory representation11783
Node: char * strings13781
Node: Unicode strings19268
Node: Conventions20451
Node: unitypes.h22743
Node: unistr.h23840
Node: Elementary string checks24405
Node: Elementary string conversions25027
Node: Elementary string functions26905
Node: Iterating27310
Node: Creating Unicode strings30140
Node: Copying Unicode strings31058
Node: Comparing Unicode strings32671
Node: Searching for a character34226
Node: Counting characters35025
Node: Elementary string functions with memory allocation35708
Node: Elementary string functions on NUL terminated strings36330
Node: Iterating over a NUL terminated Unicode string36929
Node: Length39197
Node: Copying a NUL terminated Unicode string40255
Node: Comparing NUL terminated Unicode strings43359
Node: Duplicating a NUL terminated Unicode string45455
Node: Searching for a character in a NUL terminated Unicode string46224
Node: Searching for a substring48988
Node: Tokenizing50511
Node: uniconv.h51384
Node: unistdio.h59337
Node: uniname.h67590
Node: unictype.h68996
Node: General category69924
Node: Object oriented API70979
Node: Bit mask API80820
Node: Canonical combining class83115
Node: Bidi class87349
Node: Decimal digit value90762
Node: Digit value91319
Node: Numeric value91880
Node: Mirrored character92782
Node: Arabic shaping93475
Node: Joining type93948
Node: Joining group96098
Node: Properties99536
Node: Properties as objects100227
Node: Properties as functions107249
Node: Scripts113265
Node: Blocks114670
Node: ISO C and Java syntax116013
Node: Classifications like in ISO C117731
Node: uniwidth.h120543
Node: unigbrk.h122589
Node: Grapheme cluster breaks in a string124083
Node: Grapheme cluster break property127018
Node: uniwbrk.h129263
Node: Word breaks in a string129801
Node: Word break property130893
Node: unilbrk.h132220
Node: uninorm.h136516
Node: Decomposition of characters137153
Node: Composition of characters140934
Node: Normalization of strings141647
Node: Normalizing comparisons143820
Node: Normalization of streams146318
Node: unicase.h148443
Node: Case mappings of characters149132
Node: Case mappings of strings151281
Node: Case mappings of substrings154920
Node: Case insensitive comparison162130
Node: Case detection167823
Node: uniregex.h171137
Node: Using the library171364
Node: Installation171775
Node: Compiler options172263
Node: Include files173903
Node: Autoconf macro175156
Node: Reporting problems176796
Node: More functionality177614
Node: The wchar_t mess178065
Node: Licenses180403
Node: GNU GPL182832
Node: GNU LGPL220577
Node: GNU FDL229060
Node: Index254369
End Tag Table
Local Variables:
coding: utf-8
End: